Early History of Flight

AIR TRANSPORTATION Early History of Flight: Around 400 BC – Flight in China †¢ The discovery of the kite that could fly in the air by the Chinese started humans thinking about flying. †¢ Kites have been important to the invention of flight as they were the forerunner to balloons and gliders. Hero and the Aeolipile †¢ The ancient Greek engineer, Hero of Alexandria, worked with air pressure and steam to create sources of power. One experiment that he developed was the aeolipile which used jets of steam to create rotary motion. 1485 The Ornithopter and the Study of Flight †¢ Leonardo da Vinci made the first real studies of flight in the 1480's.He had over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on bird and mechanical flight. The drawings illustrated the wings and tails of birds, ideas for man carrying machines, and devices for the testing of wings. 1783-The Flight of the First Hot Air Balloon †¢ The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfi er, were inventors of the first hot air balloon. †¢ They used the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter-than-air. †¢ In 1783, the first passengers in the colorful balloon were a sheep, rooster and duck.It climbed to a height of about 6,000 feet and traveled more than one mile. †¢ The first manned flight was on November 21, 1783, the passengers were Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent. 1799-1850's-Gliders †¢ Sir George Cayley is considered the â€Å"FATHER OF AERODYNAMICS†.. †¢ Cayley experimented with wing design, distinguished between lift and drag, and formulated the concepts of vertical tail surfaces, steering rudders, rear elevators, and air screws. †¢ Cayley designed many different versions of gliders that used the movements of the body to control.A young boy, whose name is not known, was the first to fly one of Ca yley's gliders, the first glider capable of carrying a human. 1891 Otto Lilienthal †¢ German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, studied aerodynamics and worked to design a glider that would fly. Otto Lilienthal was the first person to design a glider that could fly a person and was able to fly long distances. 1891 Aerodrome †¢ Samuel Langley was physicist and astronomer who realized that power was needed to help man fly. †¢ He built a model of a plane, which he called an aerodrome that included a steam-powered engine.In 1891, his model flew for 3/4s of a mile before running out of fuel. †¢ It was too heavy to fly and it crashed. He was very disappointed. He gave up trying to fly. His major contributions to flight involved attempts at adding a power plant to a glider 1894 Octave Chanute †¢ Octave Chanute was a successful engineer who undertook the invention of airplanes as a hobby, after being inspired by Otto Lilienthal. †¢ Chanute designed several aircraft, th e Herring – Chanute biplane was his most successful design and formed the basis of the Wright biplane design. MAN’S FIRST SUCCESFUL FLIGHT: 903- The Wright Brothers †¢ Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright was very deliberate in their quest for flight. †¢ The Wright Brothers designed and used a wind tunnel to test the shapes of the wings and the tails of the gliders. After they found a glider shape that consistently would fly in the tests in the North Carolina Outer Banks dunes, then they turned their attention to how to create a propulsion system that would create the lift needed to fly. †¢ The â€Å"Flyer† lifted from level ground to the north of Big Kill Devil Hill, at 10:35 a. m. , on December 17, 1903.Orville piloted the plane which weighed six hundred and five pounds. †¢ The first heavier-than-air flight traveled 120 ft. in 12 seconds. The two brothers took turns during the test flights. It was Orville's turn to test the plane, so he is the brother that is credited with the first flight. †¢ In 1904, the first flight lasting more than five minutes took place on November 9. The Flyer II was flown by Wilbur Wright. †¢ In 1908, passenger flight took a turn for the worse when the first fatal air crash occurred on September 17. †¢ Orville Wright was piloting the plane.Orville Wright survived the crash, but his passenger, Signal Corps Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, did not. The Wright Brothers had been allowing passengers to fly with them since May 14, 1908. TYPES OF AIRPLANE ENGINES TURBOJET ENGINE †¢ The basic idea of the turbojet engine is simple. Air taken in from an opening in the front of the engine is compressed to 3 to 12 times its original pressure in compressor. †¢ The turbojet engine is a reaction engine. In a reaction engine, expanding gases push hard against the front of the engine TURBOPROP ENGINE (Turbo propeller Engine) A turboprop engine is a jet engine attached to a propeller. The turb ine at the back is turned by the hot gases, and this turns a shaft that drives the propeller. †¢ Some small airliners and transport aircraft are powered by turboprops. †¢ Engines featuring such propellers are called prop fans. †¢ Hungarian, Gyorgy Jendrassik who worked for the Ganz wagon works in Budapest designed the very first working turboprop engine in 1938. Called the Cs-1, Jendrassik's engine was first tested in August of 1940; the Cs-1 was abandoned in 1941 without going into production due to the War. Max Mueller designed the first turboprop engine that went into production in 1942. TURBOFAN RNGINE †¢ A turbofan engine has a large fan at the front, which sucks in air. †¢ Most of today's airliners are powered by turbofans. In a turbojet all the air entering the intake passes through the gas generator, which is composed of the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. TURBO SHAFT ENGINE †¢ It does not drive a propeller. Instead, it provides pow er for a helicopter rotor. †¢ The turbo shaft engine is designed so that the speed of the helicopter rotor is independent of the rotating speed of the gas generator.RAMJET ENGINE †¢ The speed of the jet â€Å"rams† or forces air into the engine. It is essentially a turbojet in which rotating machinery has been omitted. †¢ A ramjet vehicle requires some form of assisted takeoff, such as another aircraft. It has been used primarily in guided-missile systems. Space vehicles use this type of jet. PARTS OF AN AIRPLANE AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 1. Fuselage- The body of the plane. It is generally a long tube shape 2. Landing gear- The wheels of a plane. ?    – There are two main wheels on either side of the plane fuselage.Then there is one more wheel near the front of the plane. The brakes for the wheels are like the brakes for cars. They are operated by pedals, one for each wheel. Most landing gear can be folded into the fuselage during the flight and opened for l anding. 3. Wings- The wings are shaped with smooth surfaces. There is a curve to the wings which helps push the air over the top more quickly than it goes under the wing. ?      Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The shape of the wings determines how fast and high the plane can fly. ?      Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Wings are called airfoils. 4.Flaps- slide back and down to increase the surface of the wing area. -They also tilt down to increase the curve of the wing. 5. Slats- move out from the front of the wings to make the wing space larger. This helps to increase the lifting force of the wing at slower speeds like takeoff and landing. 6. Ailerons- are hinged on the wings and move downward to push the air down and make the wing tilt up. This moves the plane to the side and helps it turn during flight. 7. Spoilers- after landing, the spoilers are used like air brakes to reduce any remaining lift and slow down the airplane.REGIMES OF FLIGHT †¢ Ranges of speed defined relative to the local speed of sound. 1. SUBSO NIC †¢ this category contains most of the commercial jets that are used today to move passengers and cargo. †¢ the speed is just below the speed of sound as 350-750 miles per hour. †¢ engines today are lighter and more powerful and can travel quickly with large loads of people and goods. 2. SUPERSONIC †¢ 760 MPH is the speed of sound. †¢ These planes can fly up to 5 times   the speed of sound. Planes in this regime have specially designed high performance engines. They are also designed in lightweight materials to provide less drag. †¢ The first powered aircraft to explore this regime was the Bell X-1A, in 1947. †¢ The wings of supersonic fighters are swept in planform to reduce drag. †¢ President Kennedy- in 1963 he proposed the supersonic plane as a national priority. †¢ UNITED STATES- gave up its first attempts to produce a supersonic transport (SST) for commercial used after spending 1 billion dollars in development. †¢ TU-144- supersonic version of Russian but it has been plagued with economic and safety problems. †¢ CONCORDE- British/French version of SST has a cruising speed of 1,458 miles per hour at an altitude of 50,000-60,000 feet, which takes it out of the more heavily traveled subsonic jets levels of 30,000-40,000 feet. -it needs speeds of200-215 knots to take off, as compared with 165 knots for subsonic. Supersonic Transport problems: †¢ it seats only 105 passengers. †¢ fuel consumption is 2-3 times that of a subsonic. †¢ The range is less that 4,000 miles. Advantages of Concorde: †¢ 80% are business travelers †¢ cabin is pressurized to 5,000 feet instead of to about 7,000 feet as in subsonic jets. †¢ air conditioning balances the humidity, which makes colds. Even though the SST has proved economically unfeasible mostly because of its small pay load. ? Air travel changes will probably call for an improved version, one of that can carry at least 250 passengers a nd have a 7500 mile range. ? That kind of plane would be a boon for pacific basin travel, where current flight times are nine to thirteen hours. 3. HYPERSONIC †¢ 3500-7000 MPH speed of sound. †¢ Rockets travel at speeds 5 to 10 times the speed of sound as they go into orbit. †¢ In the 1970s, the term generally came to refer to speeds of Mach 5 (5 times the speed of sound) and above.The hypersonic regime is a subset of the supersonic regime. †¢ Large variations in air density and pressure occur because of shock waves, and expansions 4. TRANSONIC †¢ Transonic is an aeronautics term referring to a range of velocities just below and above the speed of sound (about mach 0. 8–1. 2). It is defined as the range of speeds between the critical Mach number. †¢ Most modern jet powered aircraft spend a considerable amount of time in the transonic state. This is particularly important due to an effect known as wave drag, which is prevalent in these speed range s. Severe instability can occur at transonic speeds. Shock waves move through the air at the speed of sound. THE NEWEST PLANES †¢ Boeing 747-400- the newest of the long range jets. ?   >can carry 410 passengers and has a range 0f 8,800 miles †¢ MD-11 -McDonnell Douglas newest jets. ? > MD-11 can carry 405 passengers. ? -Both planes are being built to test the traveler’s capacity to sit in one seat for a                                     marathon 16plus hours, extending over 7,000 to 8,000 miles. 1987- Europe and its Airbus Industry had put about 15 billion on the line to produce a: JUNIOR JUMBO -the airbus A-340,   -a 275-seater with a range about 8,000 miles? -greater flight frequencies because of faster loading and deplaning of passengers. Aircraft Footprint- is the distance from the takeoff point to the point   at which the plane is no longer significantly audible. N. V Fokker- a smaller aircraft contender. ?-are fuel-efficient and require small cockpit crews. FREEDOMS OF THE AIR First Freedom of the Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to fly across its territory without landing (also known as a First Freedom Right).Second Freedom of the Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to land in its territory for non-traffic purposes (also known as a Second Freedom Right). Third Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from the home State of the carrier (also known as a Third Freedom Right).Fourth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to take on, in the terr itory of the first State, traffic destined for the home State of the carrier (also known as a Fourth Freedom Right). Fifth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down and to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from or destined to a third State (also known as a Fifth Freedom Right).ICAO characterizes all â€Å"freedoms† beyond the Fifth as â€Å"so-called† because only the first five â€Å"freedoms† have been officially recognized as such by international treaty. Sixth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting, via the home State of the carrier, traffic moving between two other States (also known as a Sixth Freedom Right). The so-called Sixth Freedom of the Air, unlike the first five freedoms, is not incorporated as such into any widely recognized air se rvice agreements such as the â€Å"Five Freedoms Agreement†.Seventh Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State, of transporting traffic between the territory of the granting State and any third State with no requirement to include on such operation any point in the territory of the recipient State, i. e the service need not connect to or be an extension of any service to/from the home State of the carrier.Eighth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting cabotage traffic between two points in the territory of the granting State on a service which originates or terminates in the home country of the foreign carrier or (in connection with the so-called Seventh Freedom of the Air) outside the territory of the granting State (also known as a Eighth Freedom Right or â€Å"consecutive cabotage†).Ninth F reedom of The Air – the right or privilege of transporting cabotage traffic of the granting State on a service performed entirely within the territory of the granting State (also known as a Ninth Freedom Right or â€Å"stand alone† cabotage). GOVERNMENT AGENCIES †¢ INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA) o Is an international industry trade group of airlines headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. o IATA was formed IATA was formed in April 1945, in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, founded in The Hague in 1919, the year of the world's first international scheduled services.Functions: ? To the member airlines- it provides solutions to problems beyond the resources of any single airline. ? To the government- it is the medium of negotiation for international fares and agreements. ? To the traveling public- it ensures the traveling public safe and efficient operations of all the airlines, proper business practice by the airlines and travel agents. ? Clears financial balance between airlines and charges between tickets. ? Caters ground holding ? Performs maintenance service ? Handles aircraft leasing projects ? Promotes worldwide air travel safety Regulate the shipping of dangerous goods INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO) ? An agency of the United Nations, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. Its headquarters are located in the Quartier International of Montreal, Canada. Functions: ? Adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation. ? Prevention of unlawful interference ? Facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation. Defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, commonl y known as the Chicago Convention CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD (CAB) ? Agency charged with the power to regulate the economic aspect of air transportation in the Philippines. Functions: ? Licensing of domestic and international airlines. ? Regulation of fares and rates for the carriage of person s and property. ? Enforcement of the economic provision of R. A. 776. ? Authorization of navigation of foreign aircraft in the Philippines. Participation in the negotiation of air agreements covering exchange of air rights. ? Suggest corrective to improve safety in air commerce. ? Assure protection of the public by requiring the performance of safe and adequate air service, eliminating rate discrimination, unfair competition and deceptive practices in air transportation. Air Transportation Office (ATO) ? The Philippines' Air Transportation Office (Filipino: Tanggapan ng Transportasyong Himpapawid), abbreviated as ATO, is responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe, econ omic and efficient air travel.FUNCTIONS: ? Establish and prescribe rules and regulations for the inspection and registration of all aircraft owned and operated in the Philippines and all air facilities; ? Establish and prescribe the corresponding rules and regulations for the enforcement of ? Determine, fix and/or prescribe charges and/or rates pertinent to the operation of public air utility facilities and services; ? Administer and operate the Civil Aviation Training Center (CATC); ? Operate and maintain national airports, air navigation and other similar facilities in compliance to ICAO; ?Perform such other powers and functions as may be prescribed by law. PHILIPPINE AEROSPACE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (PADC) ? The corporation undertakes business and development activities for the establishment of reliable aviation and aerospace industry. ? It engages in design, manufacture and scale of all forms of aircrafts. ? It develops local capabilities in maintenance, repair and modification of equipment related to air flight. ? It operates on air transport service for domestic and international flights. ? Head: Reynato R. Jose FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION (FAA) It concentrates on passenger safety, aircraft certification to meet safety standards, pilot licensing and air traffic control. ? Also responsible for investigation of aircraft accident. ? 1958- FAA became independent MANILA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY (MIAA) ? This government agency is in charge of operating and maintaining airport facilities in the Mactan International Airport. ? As with MIAA, MCIAA is responsible for keeping Mactan airport in tip-toe shape to ensure its competitiveness as a trade and tourist gateway to Visayas Island group. It implements airport rules, provides airport safety and security needs. ? Under operations are international and domestic operations and maintenance, fire fighting and rescue and electrical and mechanical services. ? Head: Gen. Mgr. Alfonso U. Alerre INTERNATIONAL AIR CHARTER ASSOCIATION (IACA) ? Trade association of supplemental and charter airlines. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA) ? The role of NASA is aeronautical research. ? They achieve world leadership in space technology and exploration. LOCAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM LIST OF AIRLINES IN THE PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINE AIRLINES ? It is the national airline of the Philippines. ? The first airline in Asia and the oldest of those currently in operation. ? Makati City: headquarters ? Flies both domestic and international ? Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Paranaque City: main hub. ? China Airlines and Japan Airlines: principal Asian competitors. ? IATA: PR HISTORY: ? February 1941: established ? Started by a group of businessmen led by Andres Soriano. ? March 1941: started its operation with a single Beech Model 18 aircraft making one flight daily between Manila (from Nielson Field) and Baguio. In July 1941, a chartered DC-4 ferried carried 40 American servicemen to Californ ia, making Pal the first airline to cross the Pacific. ? December 1941, started regular service between Manila and San Francisco.? INCIDENTS AND ACCIDENTS: ? Pal has 21 crash records ? Last one being in 1999 and most of them being in its earlier years. ? Philippine Airlines Flight 812 was a scheduled passenger flight from Francisco Bangoy International Airport in Davao City to Ninoy Aquino International Airport near Manila.On May 25, 2000, an Airbus A330-301 operating on the route was hijacked by a man later identified as Reginald Chua, just before the airplane was about to land. The flight carried 278 passengers and 13 crew members. AIR PHILIPPINES ? It is an airline registered in the Philippines. ? Primarily focuses on the domestic low-cost market. ? IATA: 2P ? ICAO: GAP ? Call sign: Orient Pacific History: ? February 13, 1995: was incorporated. ? Subic: base operations. ? February 1, 1996: started its flight operations with a Boeing737-200 between Subic, Iloilo and Zamboanga.ASIA N SPIRIT ? An airline based in the Philippines that usually flies routes not serviced by major airlines such as Philippine Airlines. ? The Philippines’ youngest airline. ? Based in Manila. ? Founded in 1996 by the Airline Employees Cooperative. ? IATA: 6K ? ICAO: RIT ? Call sign: Asian Spirit CEBU PACIFIC ? One of the newest airline companies operating in the Philippines. ? The country's 2nd largest airline after Philippine Airlines ? Cebu: headquarters ? March 8, 1996: first flight ? Started with 24 flights daily among Manila, Cebu and Davao. By 2000’s, was able to operate international flights to the countries of Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea and the dependency of Guam. ? IATA: 5J ? ICAO: CEB ? Call sign: Cebu Air PACIFIC EAST ASIA CARGO LINES ? Is a cargo airline based in the Philippines ? IATA: Q8 ? ICAO: PEC PACIFICAIR ? Pacificair ( Pacific Airways Corporation ) is an airline based in Manila, Philippines. ? Established: 1947 ? Operates sch eduled passenger flights, air taxi services, and is involved in agricultural work. ? IATA: GX ? ICAO: PFR ? Call sign: Pacific West

Independence Air Project

Independence air was not the original name of the airline. It was formerly known as the Atlantic Coast Airlines. The airline originally operated in collaboration with United Airlines and Delta Airlines Inc. It was a contract carrier for the two older companies.However, Atlantic Coast decided to operate independently when United attempted to reduce Atlantic’s fee under the new contract. After the first flight to Atlanta was fully booked, Independence Air expanded the business into most states of the East Coast. In the West Coast the company operated only in a few major cities.I.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Target Market, Strengths and WeaknessesThe company is a Low Cost Carrier, which means that the target market is from the segment with price oriented perspectives. The company started by expanding the service into the eastern cost of the continent because the managers believed that the locations possess more opportunities for Independence Air (Laura, 2005).However, the company also maintained existence in the west coast of the continent by providing routes for major airports in the region. The original business model of the company was based on two core qualities: rock bottom fares and internet marketing services. It was originally a success because most of the 600 daily flights to 37 destinations were fully booked (Laura, 2005).Nevertheless, as the months go by, the number of flights was slashed down to only 200 a day (‘Flyi’, 2006; ‘Final Boarding Call, 2006).The strengths of the model mentioned above were no match for the problems within the LCC industry at the time. Increasing fuel cost and continued competition from many airlines including the former partner, United Airlines, stripped the company from its profits (Downfall, 2006).I.3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marketing MixI.3.1.  Ã‚   Product/serviceThe company is a Low Cost Carrier airline, which generally means that the company provided air travel services with the cheapest prices possib le. In case of the Independence Air, managers and employees of the company are dedicated to creating a low-fare airline based on these six philosophies:1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I am about the customer first;2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I am genuine;3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I am about integrity;4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I am about operational excellence;5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I am innovative;6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I am enthusiastic. The six philosophies have a core purpose of creating the corporate image as ‘the official airline of fast, easy and less expensive’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (‘Independence Air’, 2005)I.3.2.  Ã‚   PriceArticles from various writers who wrote about the company stated that it has ‘rock-bottom fares’. The company offers one of the cheapest fares in the continent. In terms of price, the company has the philosophy of ensuring customers to feel that ‘I can fly on my budget’.In order to reach such goal, besides providing cheap flights, the airline also simplified their fare structure into four fare types. The purpose is to create an easy to understand fare system and easy to book (‘Independence Air’, 2005).I.3.3.  Ã‚   PromotionIn order to promote quality of its flight services, the company operated based on two philosophies, which is to ensure the consumer believed that: 1) they can fly on their own schedule and 2) they can fly their own way (‘Independence Air’, 2005).In order to support the implementation of these philosophies, the company established hundreds of non-stop flights to 37 destinations. The company also order planes with new seat designs and new cabin designs the will provide customers with the most convenient flight in the industry of air travel (‘Independence Air’, 2005).It was recorded that the CEO spent significant amount of corporate money on advertising and community sponsorships. The CEO hired people from various media-related professions to p romote the birth of the company. Some of these people are: political consultant Carville and his wife, the comedian Dennis Miller, soccer star Mia Hamm and musician Chuck Berry.I.3.4.  Ã‚   PlaceThe company preferred electronic means to promote their services rather than traditional means. The most prominent promotional and the sales channel is the internet, along with an 800 number which makes it easier for people to book flights with the airline.I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Causes of BankruptcyThere are several analyses on what causes the bankruptcy of the low cost carrier. This particular case study is deemed interesting for many scholars because of its peculiarity. Low Cost Carriers are deemed as the future of the airline industry.However, the case of independence air revealed the fact that there are other factors in the airline business than just price. According to an article by the Boyd Group, people are often unable to separate between facts and myths in the airline business. Here are several examples: ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the popular opinion that the LCC model introduced by the famous Southwest airline is very much profitable, analysts believed that the mode is actually not profitable once the fuel price exceeds $2 per gallon ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As mentioned previously, many considered that LCC is the future of the airline industry for modern countries. Nevertheless, further analysis revealed that the picture looks worsen as the airline industry goes forward.The most prominent theory is the ‘over-capacity theory. The LCC model has very low margin, which means it requires each airline to have sufficiently large market share in order to remain profitable.Nevertheless, with the appearance of new airlines and new competitors, many predicted that their planes should have bumped into each other, in the sense that they will soon run out of sources of revenue. ·Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another misperception of the condition in the airline industry is the notion that LCC will always outlast a legacy airline. It as reported that in the second quarter of 2005, Americana and Continental Airlines, two of the largest legacy airlines in the United States declared considerable profit.The fundamentals are revealed, the issue is not only cost, but also revenues. Well after the September 11th tragedy, customers have regain their trust to the airline industry and some of them return to their consuming routine of searching for ‘convenience’ in flying.If the LCC do not enhance its ability in providing higher quality services, some legacy airlines will take away their customers easily.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (The Boyd group, 2005)In the particular case of the Independence airline, it is stated that the main cause of their failure is because there are already too many competing airlines offering routes on similar rout es and racing to offer passengers with the lowest possible fares.The market system caused prices to go even lower every time a new airline is entering the industry (Nance, 2006; ‘Independence Air’, 2006).

Modular questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modular questions - Assignment Example Intrinsically, price-fixing entails intra-competitors’ collusion to: sell products at the same price; apply the same formula when determining the selling price; give the same discounts; desist from lowering prices prior to notifying co-colluders; and to maintain similar price differentials among different order qualities, quantities and types. This is not the case with hospitals in GPOs since GPOs are mainly interested in making more discounts as a way of saving on operational and purchasing costs. This may only lead to improvement in quality services provision (Qiaohai and Schwarz, 2011). Conversely, one can also access resources and information relating to GPOs and their healthcare chain supplies. This is usually not the case with price-fixing organizations which collude to have prices fixed, stabilized, set highly, or discounted. The underhand nature of price-fixing organizations is brought about by the knowledge that price-fixing is a contravention of the federal and state laws. It is highly expedient that the proposal be approached with a lot of keenness since its execution can affect greatly, the future of the hospital. The kind of agreement that is being mooted does not capture the fact that other players in the healthcare industry will not be party to the proposal. This may bring about disparity in the physicians’ emoluments. The gravity behind this development is that although the artifice may help the hospital save 300,000 dollars, long-term negative effects will eventually spiral in, as physicians leave for greener pastures. This means that not only will the hospital incur heavier employee turnover, but that the same will also find it difficult to retain physicians. In respect to the foregoing, it remains necessary that the hospital sets rates that are commensurate to the rest of the market when determining physicians’ remunerations and payments for the ED calls; as

Political Comic Strip & Character Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Comic Strip & Character - Essay Example The political comic strip was therefore effective in relaying an intended message using the rhetorical element of ethos, or character. As shown, the speaker in the comic strip was noted to be a president due to the visual image of the presidential seal on the podium. The readers could in fact have other characters of a president in mind, were in not for the comic strip to have been printed and published during the helm of President Obama’s term. As a president of the United States, definitely, the credibility, reliability and trustworthiness of the person had been firmly established being the topmost elected political figure. As such, the argument in the strip focused on relaying that being the president, the only dilemma of a serious economic situation, such as government spending, is the perceived reluctance of the people to spend. The message was clear, straightforward and humorous and provided the needed appeal to a wider range of audience. Webpage on Ellen DeGeneres The b iographical webpage selected was biography.com and the famous person chosen for the discussion is Ellen DeGeneres, one of the most viewed television talk show hosts in the United States in contemporary times. The objective of this portion is to evaluate how the webpage makes an argument about the subject?s character. First, after searching for the name of Ellen DeGeneres from biography.com, her profile is immediately accessed. Viewers could see her photo at the left side portion of the screen, and under the photo were quick facts such as name, occupation, birthdate, education, place of birth and even her zodiac sign. Following that rundown of short personal information, the label ‘BEST KNOWN FOR’ â€Å"Ellen DeGeneres is one of America’s most well-known comedians and talk show hosts, also serving as a prominent gay/lesbian role model† (Ellen DeGeneres.biography, 2013, p. 1) was disclosed. From this information alone, viewers who could have not known DeGene res could already be provided with an accurate overview of what she represents. The most important adjectives or words that establish the person include well-known comedian, talk show host, and gay/lesbian role model. In the middle portion of the page, the topmost portion was reserved for viewers who might opt to see a video of Ellen. Below this portion, the following headings and detailed discussions were presented in the following order: synopsis, early life, stand-up comedy, Ellen: the Sitcom, Ellen: the Talk Show, and personal life; of which the whole information are contained in two pages. From the information that are presented in this webpage, viewers are provided with enough contents that could effectively establish the character of a person. Although one has known Ellen DeGeneres from being a regular viewer of her television show, some information were new and assisted in confirming that Ellen was indeed funny, talented and has a kind and sincere heart. Her closing remarks in her Ellen: the Talk Show: ‘be kind to one another’ aptly embodies her character. Likewise, by disclosing that she was a lesbian, the brief historical information on her life and specifically at the time when she revealed this homosexuality in public could be perceived as challenging; yet, necessary to provide a more accurate image of her sexuality. Eventually, the revelation paid off since from then, her

Abraham Lincoln, the President of America Research Paper - 1

Abraham Lincoln, the President of America - Research Paper Example Although the list of Lincoln’s achievements is too long to narrate in few words but the greatest act he did for America as the president was closing the civil war that was about to split the country apart. When Lincoln took the presidential charge, the civil war between North and the Southern slave states was turning to a hazardous brink. The slave states formulated the Confederate States of America claiming secession. But Lincoln took a powerful position in the civil war with the unspeakable leadership skills and preserved the Union from decay. He surely endured unexpected pressures not only from the generals who did not want to fight but he also faces bickering from his own cabinet members for supporting the war. Thousands of soldiers died on the battlefield and he received many assassination threats to his life for continuing the war. But, he was truly determined to end up the war and defeat the Confederacy (Abraham Lincoln Research Site, 1996). Lincoln’s greatest speech ever was Gettysburg Address in 1863. In the address, he clearly defined that the civil war was a contest to achieve liberty for the slaves and to secure and preserve the United Nations from splitting apart. He said: â€Å"Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives, that that nation might live† (Quoted from Ronald, 2008, p. 52). Although Lincoln was vehemently criticized for his decision for compromising the lives of about 8000 soldiers just in 3 days, he had a belief that his job was to preserve the country from disintegration into two parts. With fighting this civil war, he kept the nation save from other external threats.  

European Law - law essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

European Law - law - Essay Example This exemption is also available to agreements, which engender technical or economic progress that proves beneficial to consumers. However, these agreements should not destroy the competitive market for similar products1. The Commission had published the Guidelines with regard to the applicability of Article 81 EC to horizontal cooperation agreements. By virtue of these Guidelines, the Commission has expanded its erstwhile perspective and relies on the market power of companies as the most suitable test in this context. In this manner, the Commission is aiming to render the prerequisites for applying Article 81(1) EC, proximate to the merger control norms. This approach seems to be unjustified from the perspective of policy decision, because it relaxes the standards set out for the relevant markets. In addition, it is also inadequate from a legal point of view, for the implementation of the provisions of Article 81(1) EC; because, the market power of companies constitutes an inappropriate test in this regard2. In order to adopt an economics – based application of Article 81(1) EC, the Commission would be hard placed to acquire the necessary human resources, which could prove to be quite burdensome. Furthermore, Article 81 EC does not cover all agreements. It only covers agreements that restrict competition. The Commission had extended its application purview to new thresholds such as free market shares through the Notice on agreements of minor importance of 2001. This Notice deals with agreements that impose non – appreciable horizontal and vertical restrictions on competition. However, it excludes hard core restrictions. The new parameters could possibly exclude agreements between small and medium sized companies3. Agreements, that attempt to prevent, distort or restrict competition in the common market, are in violation of Article 81(1) EC. If an agreement violates Article 81(1) EC, then it is not necessary to

Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Channels Essay

Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Channels - Essay Example It will make sure that the relationship between different channels and the organization is strong and motivated. In addition, organizations need to keep a check on the channels in a timely manner. It will indicate any possible trouble within the relationship beforehand (Maddock & Fulton, 1996). The channels are affected by the trends that would be introduced over time. These trends may include the vertical marketing system (VMS), horizontal marketing system, and integrated marketing channel system (Kotler & Keller, 2012). As soon as the organization is aware of the channels with their selected intermediaries, it is suggested that it also create a sheet for distributing tasks and responsibility to each channel (Hunt, 2010). The undertaken grid or design to allocate the tasks to each channel would allow in understanding the channel that may be becoming problematic and act as a barrier for the smooth transitions of marketing. Thus, the aforementioned recommendation may be followed to get away with poor channel

Effective Programs For Hispanic Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Effective Programs For Hispanic Students - Essay Example lthough schools cnnot chnge the socil relity, they cn crete different society within their wlls. Getting to know the students nd their fmilies s well s welcoming their lnguges nd cultures cn build coherent community where the bilingul progrm becomes n integrl prt of the school. Improvement of bilingul progrms necessittes fundmentl chnges within the whole school becuse the overll qulity of the school will ffect the bilingul progrm. For the most prt, good bilingul progrms exist within good schools. To crete sound context for bilingul lerners schools should set cler gols, crete bilingul biculturl society, integrte the bilingul progrm into the school community, know the bilingul students, provide ledership nd support for the bilingul progrm, set high expecttions for bilingul students, hire qulity personnel willing nd prepred to work with bilingul students, estblish productive prtnerships with prents nd communities of the bilingul students. Commitment of principls nd minstrem stff to the progrm nd the students mkes it possible for bilingul progrms to be integrted into the whole school. ll stff nd not only the bilingul stff should be responsible for the bilingul students' eduction. In turn, the bilingul stff should prticipte in generl school ctivities nd decision mking. When curriculum improvement or specil progrms re introduced, the bilingul progrm should lso be included. Regrdless of how integrtion is implemented, school mission, curriculum, nd environment must reflect the presence of students of different lnguges nd cultures. Otherwise, integrted nd two-wy progrms tht succeed in bringing both groups of students together will remin isolted within the school. In order to mnge the sitution when the school district oppose introduction of bilingul eduction, necessry strtegies should be pplied. First of ll, it is importnt to mke bilingul students need to feel tht their school is community tht cres for them, trets them s individuls, nd wnts them to succeed. In effective schools, dministrtors nd techers know their students nd students know ech other. Knowledge of the students nd personliztion of the teching re keys to good teching. Becuse techers relte to students both s lerners nd s children or dolescents, techers must estblish how they will ddress these two types of reltionships, wht they need to know bout their students, nd how they will cquire this knowledge. The techer--lerner reltionship implies involvement between techers nd students round subject mtter, wheres dult--child or dult--dolescent reltionships re more personl nd intimte. Focusing on both types of reltionships bridges the gp between school nd the world outside it, gp tht is especilly importnt for mny bilingul students whose world differs gretly from school. Techers working with young students hve succeeded in combining both types of reltionships in the context of the clssroom. For exmple, Czden, Crrsco, Mldondo-Guzmn, nd Erickson ( 1980) observed Mexicn mericn techer working with first-grde Spnish spekers. Every morning s they st in circle, she collected homework nd ddressed the children with endering terms, sking questions bout them nd their fmilies. In successful high schools these reltionships hve been somewht seprte with the

Provocation and Intoxication Defences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 11

Provocation and Intoxication Defences - Essay Example In both cases the defence of intoxication and provocation will are only partial defences with the result that if they are successfully raised as defences to murder, that charge will be reduced to manslaughter. Each of these defences and Smith’s ability to use them are discussed below. Provocation has developed as a partial defence to murder and if successfully argued will reduce murder to manslaughter. Under the law as it stands, Smith will have to show that his victim John conducted himself is such a way as to cause Smith to lose his self-control or to act in â€Å"the heat of passion† so that the killing was not pre-meditated nor was it carried out â€Å"in cold blood†.4 Sections 54 and 55 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 replaces Section 3 of the Homicide Act 1957 as well as the common law relative to the defense of provocation.5 Section 54 defines â€Å"loss of control† which is now the new test for substantiating a partial defence of provocation.6 By virtue of Section 54 an individual will not be guilty of murder if his/her act or omission was a result of the defendant losing self-control.7 However, the â€Å"loss of self-control† must have a â€Å"qualifying trigger†.8 Section 54(1)(c) directs that the test to be applied in determining the loss of self-control is an objective one in that: Section 54(1)(c) follows the ruling in R v James and Karimi [2006] where the court ruled that in assessing whether the defendant alleges to have suffered a loss of self-control, the jury is entitled to take into account factors other than the defendant’s age and gender.10 In applying the test delineated above to the facts of the case for discussion, Smith is a male with sufficient maturity to work as a traveling salesman. However, he has been away from home for at least three weeks and must have been eager to reunite with his young wife Mary.

GPRS navigator Essay Example for Free

GPRS navigator Essay Living for them is not the scenario but they have to earn a handsome income so that they can have nice bread and butter. Crime is not a thing which is always present in the blood of a person; sometimes the situation rams a person to do such crime. Many of you don’t even understand the basic definition of crime, crime is an evil act and it is very much punishable under law. Crime is not punishable under the law especially when the crime is committed in an act of self-defense. As said earlier, sometimes people are forced to take such a step to complete or accomplish the needs of the person itself and also the fellow family members. During the prosecution of a person for any type of crime, the reason for committing such crime is also taken under consideration. Now days some people commit crime in order to satisfy their needs, such as rape cases, cannibalism etc. Cannibalism is one of the crimes which can disturb the state of society. In cannibalism, a person starts eating human flesh itself. But, in this very section we have to discuss on the case of robbery which was committed by person whose main interests were playing sports which could involve many people. He only had elementary education along with few years in high school. His monthly income was very low. He was a middle aged person with a wife and children to be looked after. He was spending his livelihood in a rented house and had a semi-skilled line of work, i. e. a work of a laborer. He started living in a society to understand the term society and wanted to integrate. He knew many people in the society, and then suddenly he had to collect $4000 to pay the house rent. There were only two ways through which he could get the money, one way was to borrow from someone or the second way was to adopt the path of a criminal. In that he had two options either to supply drugs or sell stolen items. He decided to follow the path of a criminal, but in that too there were two possible ways. The option to supply drugs was very dangerous as money earned from it was very less and chances of getting caught was more but the other option which was selling of stolen goods was much better as the risk was much lesser and also the money which could be earned was more. Then he finds a friend which could help him in finding such people who buy stolen cars and then they make a list of the cars which were in demand. Then he made a list of the cars which could be easily stolen and do not have GPRS navigator or alarms. Then started the planning process in which his would help in jacking the car and helping him in taking the car. He decided to divide the money between his friend and him. Then due to his good communication skill and knowledge he started the process of stealing. He spotted a location of the car and checked the amount of risk associated with the crime, and then with the help of his friend he succeeded in jacking a car and taking to a neighboring community where he could possibly dispose off the car. He came through with the situation and earned a handsome amount of $6000, but the amount was achievable only when he could deliver another car. Then after assuring the presence of his in the next incidental, he started the planning of one more robbery in which there were less chances of being caught and the act could be carried out without any carry-on. He advanced into the next incident by finding a car which could be easily stolen and also the risk was minus. Then with the help of his fellow friend, he jacked the car and carried out the process which was against the law. He finally succeeded in selling the car and with this he earned again bounteously. With the proper execution of this act he earned an amount of $4000. Then as decided they distributed the money which they earned which was $10000, so they both earned an amount of $5000 each which was sufficient to satisfy the need of the person which was of $4000. He made the amount which was needed by him in a very less time. How can someone assure me that he will not take the same path when he is again in need of the money? Now, it is the time to learn the steps of robbery which he did to properly execute the robbery. Are you really interested? If yes, then also don’t take such a path. But I must tell you what are the skills he possessed and which are needed to perform such crime. He was already conversant with the community and also with the roads around which helped him. He had an idea of the path ways of illegal trade around and by getting to know the people who are involved he started making the gasp of the act. Then he started burglarizing the cars rather than going for simple mainstream crimes. Then gathering information of such cars which could be easily stolen and do not have GPS navigator or alarms, made him analyze the cars which were ready to be stole. Due to his command over communication skills he succeeded in getting contacts of the people who were ready to buy the stolen car and also helped him in finding a friend which could help him in carrying out the robbery as he was a car thief. Then he persuaded the dealers for a handsome amount on each robbery due to his winning over power. He then arranged some of the tools which were required for the robbery to be successfully carried out, in which he had assistance of his friend who was himself a genius in the business and knew how to quickly jack a car. Then starting he car could not be done by him if his friend would not have helped and with good handsome for each act, he was successful in accomplishing a task which was not very easy for an experienced man as well. Getting two people which could him a handsome amount for he act and also getting two cars in a span of just two days, with a very little risk of being caught also indicated the luck in his favour. But the risk increases as the serial number of the incident increases, but he still superintended the act very smartly the next day as well. This helped him in paying his debts which were the actual cause of making such a man to do such act which was actually against the law. Money and its immediate need force many people in such a direction which they very well know, that the path is not appropriate and the end results could be legal injury. This is such a kind of path which always have a inlet to allow people to enter into such a business any time, but only few succeeds in finding the outlet of this path, i. e. it is very easy to adopt this path of legal injury, but it is very difficult to get out of it almost next to impossible (only few finds a way to pass through the walls of crime). Now, it is the time to analyze what steps the police officials would possibly take to control such a situation of crime in the city. It has always been very easy for the police officials to take a control of such acts of crime in the city as in such cases there is always a possibility of evidence left behind by the criminal. In such criminal acts, the best possible way to conquer is by following the evidences which are available after the crime is successfully accomplished. The officials must always look through the point of view of a thief in order to successfully succeed in catching the thieves. They must always think that which could be the next place where the thieves would find a great deal of their business material and also a place from where these thieves could easily run away if officials would attack them. Then the police officials must look for a pattern (if exist), as in most of the high profile robberies there is link which connect all the robberies as they are pre planned. It also on the other hand very difficult to find the thieves, if there is not much evidence in the past incidents and the criminals stop their activity for some time. This situation is a self explanatory situation, as you have no evidence and there is no incident preceding to provide a hint for the next possible event and hence making it impossible for the police officials to get hold of the criminals. The criminals can only be caught, if there is a systematic procedure opted by the police officials and also they must consider each and every fact which could possibly help them to catch the criminals. By such systematic approach, proper execution of the plan with the proper support as a team can only lead to the success which the police officials are looking for and which is watching the criminals stand behind the bars. Now, I would like to give the information about one more crime which I read on internet and really one of the crimes which would affect you mentally. It is a crime which was going on from months and the police officials were not actually thinking this way, by this I mean the situation which was revealed after the interrogation of the police officials. This is an incident which all started with the kidnapping of a small child about four to five years old. Then the parents of the child reported this missing to the police officials and immediately the police officials started working on this matter. But after several days of sleepless nights the officials ended up with no clue to what actually happened to the child and where the child was. Then suddenly, one more parent came running to the police officials to report on more missing of their child who was again four to five years old. This report messed up the situation more for the police officials. This made the police officials to restart the investigation from the scratch. But again in the end there was not even single evidence with the police officials and this made the situation worst for the police officials. But, then a sequence of kidnapping started in the city where children of age group four to eight were kidnapped and there was not even single evidence with the police officials which could make things easy and simple for the police officials. This all carried for about a span of six months, when a ray of hope stroked in the favour of the police officials and there was a case which was registered, not in the police department but in the local sewage department as there was lot of smell which was coming from the drainage which was associated with a house, which was taken by a person where he could make a nursing home for small children who are homeless. Then the local authorities responded to the situation very quickly as it was disturbing the atmosphere. The smell which was coming out of the drainage was very unusual and being an unusual smell, it was disturbing the people a lot and made them to lodge a complain for it. When the local authorities started the process of digging the drainage, then initially everything went on nicely and smoothly. But as they proceeded one of the shocking incidents came to the notice of the police officials and also to the people who were residing in the same locality. It made the police to think on and on as nothing of such sort had ever taken place in the city as well as in the country. What could be the possible crime Can u think or imagine Wait, I will tell you. The incident actually started when the first missing report was launched about six months back and the same process continued until now. The person who was the owner of the house, which was meant for homeless children, was actually the kidnapper who was kidnapping children from various parts of the city. His motive was not actually which you all are thinking off, this case was not as simple as it seems. His motive was not extortion as he was himself very rich. So, what was the case all about Now, it is the time for you all to know what was the crime all about. The crime actually was done by the person to meet his sexual need. He used to rape each and every child, and then he used to kill them and put them in the sewage which was attached to his house. Could you possibly imagine a rape of a four to five year child by a forty year old man? I know what your answer is and possibly the same reply I too have, i. e. NO. It is actually very difficult for a human to analyze such a criminal act. The person then went missing and the police officials started their investigation for which Special Forces were also used in order to get assistance and then after some days, the man was caught in a city which was about 500 kilometers away from the city where the crime took place. The man was beaten by the local people for his act which was simply inhuman and then in the end he was sentenced to death by the court. Is it sufficient to give death sentence to such a person From the point of view of a normal citizen, the answer would be no but from the point of view of a court; this is the highest punishment which they can give to any criminal. Hence, from my point of view there should be made a change in the law and also the constitution, where such people make the life of a normal citizen a living hell by committing crime and then in the end, they are sentenced to death. But what about those people who are actually the victim of such crimes and have to live with such a horrifying reality throughout their life. This is a real incident to which the crime was known to the person and the police did not take the proper action. This is an incident which took place in my near by location. The person is a male of not more than fourteen years of age or a teenagers, he has five more friends who are involved in such an operation. The person wants to earn a livelihood or handsome money which could lead him a sum amount for his actions to take place. He always wants to have good food or some thing like that but no one could understand what was in his mind. The person had stolen the bike, this was a series of misery as day by day the crime was helding his hands high and the security could not get catch hold of them. Now what was going on in the mind of the thief that he wants to earn a handsome amount of money so that he can earn his entire livelihood? But now as the series was going the security was made tight but then also he did not stop or rather no one was able to stop him. Now the action did not took place for a month but suddenly the person whose bike was lost caught hold of them. The bike was stolen from the basement, the boy had parked his bike in the basement and went up to his house for some work when he came back somebody had broken the lock of the bike and had started off to take it. Now the bike was taken away from the location or the community was he was living. The person lodged a complain in the police station but no action was taken but instead the police told them to give the names of the person who were involved in the operation. Later on, on the very next day the person saw his bike and again went to the police station to tell them that he had seen his bike again in the community near by. The police said the same statement as said earlier. The person could not get a satisfaction but then also he didn’t give up. H got the names of the person involved in the crime and gave it to the police but then they told him to get hold of them and hand over them to the police. Now you can imagine that what would be the status of the person at that time. Now what is the person at that phrase of time? He could not get the things back but now he can not trust the police any more. Now what was the very next operation or the crime to take place which can be taken place? The person of such a small age can get through what he was doing so or the police can take some action which can be involved in such a case where the person can be trapped and he can held his crime. The robbery or other sought of crime can never be cut short but not a strict action can take place where they can easily get hold of them. But if police can not prove that they are with the local people, they have to be every time alert about the crime. The police and the local people along with the security can make or catch hold of such type of crime and every person can make there things secure by passing the loot affairs in your premises. The security alarms and GPS tracking system of such a thing can be added to your set of place and things. Your place and items are not a single set of things which can secure your items. They grabbed the opportunity and manage to take it without being caught once again. References 1. CRIMINAL LAW. 2. MERCHANTILE LAW. 3. GOOGLE 4. BUSINESS LAW.

Function Of Supply Chain In Dell Business Essay

Function Of Supply Chain In Dell Business Essay Supply change management is the important part of the organization. If supply chain is working effectively in the organization than organization can achieve their goal in well manners .supply chain management engage on three levels which are strategic, tactical and operational. On the strategic level, organization take the decision with concern to supply chain management that how it will work. Tactics means which thing has to include in supply chain which will help the organization to achieve their goals and operational means how it will exactly work. So there is a strong relationship between supply chain management and organizational business objectives.orgnaization has differ objective which has to fulfil by the organization these objective are following in which supply chain management supporting them to achieve them. Product development Organizations Management has to classify a strategic direction while considering the products which organization will manufacture and recommend to their consumers. As companys product get old and they need new product to launch in the market on that time supply chain management play a crucial role to set new product in the market. In this thing company has to develop the strategy that how ,they will take the help of supply chain which will make easy to launch the product in the market. Consumers On the strategic level ,company has to find out the real consumer for their product .that is difficult task for the organization .and supply chain management help the organization to distribute the product to those person who targeted by the company . Manufacturing Manufacturing depend on the demand and companys sales forecasting. So on that time company has to develop the strategy that how product will be manufactured. This decision can require new manufacturing facilities to be built for the organization. If business objectives contain moving manufacturing out of the country, then the decisions can bend towards via subcontracting and third party .another factor is environmental issues which influence organization policy to a better level, these issues may persuade strategic supply chain decisions with regards to manufacturing of the product. With the help of these thing we can say that ,there is a strong relationship between the supply chain management and businesss objective. LO1.2 Explain the link between your chosen organizations supply chain management and its business functions. DELL: Supply chain? Supply chain management is the lively management of supply chain activities with the objectives of maximize customer satisfaction and attain the sustainable advantage over the competition. It represents a cognizant effort develop and run supply chains in the most effective efficient ways possible. The supply chain is concurrent together through physical flows and information flows. the transformation, movement, and storage of goods and materials involves in Physical flows . Information flows permit the a variety of supply chain partners to conquer their long-term plans, and to manage the day-to-day flow of goods and material up and down the supply chain. Function of Supply chain in DELL There are some functions of DELL related to the supply chain management are as follows: Identify Customer Values Organization used customer knowledge With the help of contracts, survey results, business intelligence data and platform sales to begin its customer-centric view of value. Dell invested in resources to complete detailed configuration profitability analysis, targeted surveys and external marketing insights from multiple industries. Understand Dells Strengths With the help of the effective supply chain management the DELLs strength can be analyzed. Understand the External Environment Supply chain is specifically related to the external business environment with the help of supply chain the DELL can be easily understand the external environment. This the supply chain of the opted organization DELL and its function that are related with the supply chain of the DELL. LO.1.3 What are the key drivers used by your organization to achieve an integrated Supply Chain? As companies increasingly put into action their supply chain to compete and attain market share, spending and action in this area are remarkably on the upswing. Technology and process upgrades at forward-thinking companies evidently demonstrate that supply chain excellence is more broadly established as an element of overall business strategy and that growing value to customers is not just managements, but everyones business. The transfer in how companys outlook their supply chain is taking hold. Scrutinize how your company views its supply chain and deem your answers to these fundamental questions. Does leadership view your supply chain as a strategic competitive advantage? If not, are you bearing in mind outsourcing your supply chain? Are the capacity strengths of your supply chain generally known and understood by leadership of the company? If so, how do they sway growth, profitability and customer service? So organization has to find out the key drivers which will help the organization to achieve an integrated supply chain management. There are some key drivers which will help the organization to achieve an integrated supply chain which are following Customer service management process : Customer service management process is concern with the organization and its customers. Because customer service is the cause of customer information. Customer service management provides the customer through real time information on arrangement and product accessibility during interfaces with the organizations manufacture and distribution operations. Good organization uses the following steps to build customer relations: Verify jointly pleasing goals for organization and customers Set up and preserve customer relationship Produce optimistic feelings in the organization and the customers Procurement process:- Strategic tactics are drawn up with suppliers to maintain the manufacturing current management procedure and the growth of new products. In organization where operations expand internationally, source has to manage on a international basis. The preferred result is a win-win connection where both parties take benefit from each other, and a decrease in time which is required for the design series and product. LO2: Be able to use information technology to optimise supplier relationships in an organization. LO2.1 Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies used by your organization to maintain supplier relationships. Efficient management of suppliers is one of the ways manufacturing companies can advance their performance. There are many significant aspects of supplier management; they incorporate sourcing strategies, and the way relationships are managed and the information exchange policies adopted by manufacturers. Characteristically, it has been argued in the literature that close relationships with suppliers should be urbanized, in contrast to the conventional price-driven transactional relationship. In concurrence with this approach manufacturers should employ a single sourcing strategy rather than multi-sourcing. The research found that noteworthy portion of the companies surveyed had experienced an alteration in their relationship with suppliers in the last few years. In the main relationships had become closer and the use of partnerships was in proof. Although the companies had developed partnerships with some of their suppliers the majority of firms continued to prefer a multi-sourcing policy. The research results have implications for manufacturing companies as they point out the potential for development through the greater adoption of best practices in the area of supplier management. LO.2.2 What information technology does your organization use to create strategies in developing relationship with its suppliers? As search costs and other coordination costs turn down, theory predicts that firms should optimally amplify the number of suppliers with which they do business. Despite recent declines in these costs due to information technology, there is little proof of an augment in the number of suppliers used. On the contrary, in many industries, firms are working with fewer suppliers. This suggests that other forces must be accounted for in a more complete model of buyer supplier relationships. So there are many technologies which is using by the organization to develop relationship with their suppliers .which are following. Analyze actual time information about market trends sales and orders. Predict and respond rapidly to changes in demand Develop efficiency with concern to precise information on supply . E-collaboration with the suppliers, like, using email and giving out spreadsheets, can be simple, but the most profit approach from sharing information in real time. This approach requires more refined technology, which are following Forecasting systems or inventory planning this means use their inventory records to predict the market demand for their product. Online analytical processing  systems this system analyze history sales performance and evaluate the forecasts from different suppliers. Enterprise resource planning  systems ERP system plan and programed their entire business. By connecting their order and purchasing system with that of their suppliers, orders can repeatedly be placed and tracked and the supplier will automatically issue an invoice. These technologies helping the organization to make good relation with their suppliers. LO 2.3 Identify systems used by your organization to maintain relationship with its suppliers. A natural approach to determining the optimal number of suppliers is to begin from the assumption that a firm would profit by growing the number of its suppliers, thereby broadening its choice, but that technological considerations constrain this strategy. In this perspective, the number of suppliers is restricted by considerations such as the cost of setting up a relationship, search costs, and transaction costs, which can commonly be summarized as coordination costs. For example, in trying to determine the optimal number of suppliers for a given input, it may be supposed that suppliers product offerings are substitutes for one another, except that they differ in some desirable feature, such as price, fit, or product characteristics. Interacting with each supplier entails a coordination cost. After surveying some number of suppliers, the buyer selects the product offering that renders the best value according to its set of criteria. The optimal number of suppliers is determined by trading off the cost of further searches against the expected benefit from identifying a better supplier. In the same way organization is making the relationship with the their suppliers .some ways are following Organization is making the Understanding that how their supplier works gives them a enhanced sense of how it can benefit their business. Organization is using the strategy to make the relationship with their suppliers to Ask about their plans for development or expansion. Will this affect the goods or services which organization is providing to them? Organization is helping their suppliers by placing orders in excellent time, being clear about deadlines and paying on time. Organization is making their business important to their suppliers with a view that concept that they will work harder for you. So some suppliers offer superior deals if organization promises to use them wholly. So these strategies helping the organization to make their better relationship with their suppliers. LO3 Understand the role of information technology in supply chain management LO3.1 Assess how information technology could assist in the integration of the different parts of the supply chain within your organization Information technology could assist in the integration of the different parts of the supply chain management in the organization. In dell the IT assist in the integration of the different parts of the supply chain There are different integrated strategies are discussed below regarding the supply chain management in Dell. Allocation network strategies: The issues like location of warehouse and their capacities etc are related to the allocation network strategies. The allocation network strategy maintain the facility that how should the information is being flowed between the management supply chain members i.e warehouse retailer . It helps provide the reduction in the total holding and logistics costs. The allocation network strategies are specifically related to the reduction in he logistic as well as the holding cost of the organization. Manufacture source strategy: This strategy is the integration of the logistics and production costs. It also related with the impact of producing in large volumes to reduce the fixed cost for the production .but the production in heavy volume may increase the transportation cost and the logistic cost and production in small batches is related to the high fixed but the balance between them can be maintained by the manufacture source strategy of the organization. Record organizes strategy: This strategy connected with the decisions concerning the inventory control system of the organization. Inventory control strategy includes economic order quantity to reduce the holding and ordering costs. It also determines the quantity to be stored. This very strategy can be used for the avoidance of over stocking and under stocking. Income managing strategy: In the income managing strategy the price flexibility of demand is fix according to the market in order to maximize the revenue from sales. Technology choice support system: Technology is deals with each and every part of the organization whether it is related to the inventory, production, revenue etc. so we can say that the technology is a choice support system of the organization. LO3.2 Evaluate how information technology has contributed to the management of the supply chain within your organization The flow of products and information between supply chain members of the organizations is known as Supply chain management. Information Technology helps a lot in availing the information in organizational premises very easily. The IT is very helpful to coordinates the activities to manage the supply chain. In past before 1980 the information flow between the organizations to the second part is totally based on the paper. The paper based method of exchanging the information is very slow. But after some time the information technology had evolved and provides the easy method for exchanging the information between the organization and the supply chain member. IT includes: computer, data recognition equipment, communication technologies, factory automation and other hardware and services. Information flows plays a crucial role in strategic planning. Because it helps in: Rapid procedure to information. Good customer service. Reduction in paper work. Increased productivity. Improvement in tracing and expediting Cost efficiency. Competitive advantage. Enhanced/Improved billing. After the study of these points it can easily understood that the IT plays an essential role in supply chain management and we can also take the example of the dell(Case study of Dells Transformation Journey through Supply chain). The above mentioned points are also related with the dell and its supply chain management. After using IT in its supply chain management the dell got the maximum benefits from it like : rapid flow of the information , great and better customer service , paper work reduction , proclivity enhancement , cost efficiency , competitive advantage etc. So we can say that information technology has contributed to the management of the supply chain within your organisation. LO.3.3 Assess the effectiveness of information technology in managing the supply chain in your organization. There are some vast impact on the organization because of the information technology here we took the example of DELL. There are certain effectiveness of IT on the DELL that are as follows: DELL has successfully developed E-business solutions for improving customer service. Enhanced efficiency of DELL allows company personnels to focus more on the dangerous business activities. E-business solutions of DELL support preparation teamwork better quickness of the supply chain management. The use of E-business solutions improves the information quality of DELL. To gain strategic benefits, the DELL uses of IT to be coupled with process re-designing. SCM IT are the prominent part of the DELL. IT has enabled supply chain to flourish the criteria of the supply chain management of DELL. LO4 Understand the role of logistics and procurement in supply chain management LO4.1 Explain the role of logistics in supply chain management in system in your organization The organizations are still locate that poignant goods and services all the way through of the global supply chains is expensive time overwhelming.   Logistics and supply chain management are the two important approaches to surmount the business activities. The flow of resources between the origin and the destination in order to fulfill the needs and wants is known as the logistics management. The physical items, such as food, materials, equipment, liquids, and staff, as well as abstract items, such as information, particles, and energy all can be include in the logistics. The common motives of logistics are minimization of the use of resources and time. The role of logistics can be divided in four categories that are as follows: Materials management Channel management Distribution Supply-chain management Material management : Logistics plays a very important part in material management because it can provide the overall facility regarding the material handling. The complete process of production can be handled with the help of logistics management. Channel Management: Channel management are the recourses by which the goods and services can be transported from one place to another place. Distribution management: Distribution management is related to the distribution technique of the goods and services of the organization . it can help in the logistic management of the organization . Supply chain management: Supply chain and logistics are the essential part of one another that was discussed above previously. If any organization wants to work properly than it will compulsory to use logistics management in the supply chain management. LO4.2 Evaluate any procurement practices in your organization The procurement policy is based on the Nestle procurement policy The objective of NESTLE is to produce and market food products that and that can please customers and consumer prospect, and to provide enhanced quality food and worth for money. Milk, coffee coca are the key raw material of the Nestle in total the raw material turnover of Nestle is 19.7 bio Swiss Francs. The basic problem is regarding to the procurement of the raw material so the Nestle opt the two types of strategies that are: Pre competitive Competitive Pre-competitive strategy of Nestle: In pre competitive strategies the Nestle wants to collaborate with the food industry i.e SAI (Sustainable Agriculture. n this strategy the Nestle provides the support to the agricultural development, trades , preliminary works regarding the agriculture industry. In this strategy the Nestle try to overcome the berries of raw material procurement for the Nestle plant. Competitive strategy of Nestle: The competitive strategy deals to encourage the sustainable agriculture through the sourcing of its key raw materials (milk, coffee, and cocoa). This is done by providing with the help of guidelines to the producers and by developing preferential supplier contracts. Sustainable Agriculture offers opportunities for food companies to achieve better control on long term supply of raw materials at reasonable costs, and at the same time to improve quality and enhance quality control . These are the two strategies of procurement of NESTLE by which Nestle can overcome the hurdle of raw material procurement. . LO4.3 what are some of the factors that must be considered when improving logistics and procurement practices in your organization? There are some factors that must be considered when improving logistics and procurement practices in your organization. The factors are as follows: Effective Order processing: There should be the effective order processing so that the logistic department can perform its task in a better way. Transportation: The transportation cost must be low with the help of the logistics strategies. If the proper logistics are to be used than it will become very helpful in reduction in the transportation cost. Inventory management : Inventory management is the very important part of the organization . With the help of inventory management the logistics can be improved in a better way. Warehousing: The warehouse handling is to be in a successive manner with the help of the logistics department. Material handling: Material handling is one of the process by which the logistics can be improved and procurement process can be easy for the organization. Sound packaging: The packaging should be sound so that the procurement can be done in an effective manner and the logistics management can be improved. Information system : Information system plays a very important role in logistics management because IT is having the integration of all the area f the business. LO5 In your different groups LO5.1 Plan a strategy to improve an organisations supply chain There should be the planned strategy for the improvisation of supply chain management of Dell. The strategy must include certain points that are as follows: Reduction in cost: The strategy must be planned with the perspectives of cost reduction in the supply chain process in the organizations. Time reduction: The strategy should be formulated in such a way s that the time can be reduced and the process can complete in the proper time span. Release value: value of the production must be acquired by the planned strategy. Appropriate quality : The planned strategy of the supply chain management is to provide the appropriates quality to the consumers. Reduction in truncations: the strategy should be formulated in terms of reduction of the transaction cost of the origination. LO5.2 Assess how a supply chain improvement strategy will benefit overall business performance in the organisation There are certain points which tell us the benefit of supply chain management on overall performance on the organization that are as follows: Reduction on inventories Information sharing among the partners Preparation being done in discussion rather than in segregation The improvements can be reflected in terms of: Lower costs Satisfy customer service proficient manufacturing Better trust among the partners LO5.3 Explain how barriers will be overcome in the organisation when implementing a supply chain improvement strategy Supply chain management helps a lot in reducing the barriers in the organizations There are certain methods by which the barriers will be overcome in the organization when implementing a supply chain management. Here we are giving the example of DELL that how supply chain management can overcome the barriers in DELL. Stronger connection to customers The DELLs supply chain is completely focused on the customer satisfaction. And the basic problem of the organization is to satisfy the customers and with the help of supply chain the customer can get the maximum satisfaction so that the DELL could get the positive feedback form the customers. Complexity reduction The production operations are vey important as well as complex. but the supply chain made this complexity is an easy going manner. All the process related to the Production will be in a concise way in the supply chain in the Dell. Improved internal collaboration managing identify practical interdependencies have ambitious association across product design, supply chain, marketing, sales and finance. Dell also simplified interactions by centralizing global operations, while aligning to customer verticals. Cost reduction with the help of the supply chain there were the cost reduction of $1.5 billion in DELL. This was the major barrier reduction. Improved forecast accuracy the supply chain provides results in three terms that are: augment in predict correctness at the product, platform and configuration levels.

Curfews: Whats the Point? Essay -- social issues

Curfews: What's the Point? The 14th amendment of the United States Constitution states that any state shall not â€Å"deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" (Legal). However, many cities and states in the US currently enforce curfew laws that deny young teens under the age of 18 their right to be in public places or to drive after certain hours. These laws are punishing minors for exercising their constitutional rights in the same way that adults do without such punishment; they are mostly causing no harm, and do not deserve to be discriminated against by the government in the way they are. Many believe that teens are responsible for a large percentage of crimes, particularly violent ones, and that having a curfew in effect helps lower crime rates. In one study, the average adult surmised that teens amount for 43% of all violent crimes, when in reality the number is only a mere 13%, and this number is made up by only a half percent of minors (Cobey). If this is the reason for creating curfews, it is clearly a discrimination against all minors, as reproving 99.5% of young citizens due to an inconsequential number of minors committing crime is certainly unjust. As a matter of fact, in some cases, applying curfew laws have actually increased juvenile crime rates. Teens begin to associate police officers with the curfew, and police officers begin to see a...

The Different Experience of Puerto Ricans Migration to the United States :: History Historical Puerto Rico Essays

The Different Experience of Puerto Ricans' Migration to the United States Some people are inclined to view the Puerto Rican experience as a historical repetition of earlier migrations to the United States. However, the migration experience of Puerto Ricans to the United States is more complex, as well as one of a kind. Similarities do exist between the migration of Puerto Ricans and that of other groups, however, no other ethnic group has shared the tribulations of the Puerto Rican population. Their experience is different from that of anyone else. When Puerto Ricans migrated to the United States they did it in two major waves. The first wave of emigration occurred in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The second wave occurred from the 1940s to the present. The workings of Bernando Vega and Jose Cruz deal with the different generations of Puerto Ricans that these two waves brought to the United States. While Vega discusses the early emigration of Puerto Ricans to New York City, Cruz discusses the later emigration of Puerto Ricans to Connecticut. Each author describes a different Puerto Rican experience in the United States. The experiences differed in most aspects; from the context in which each wave of emigration occurred to the type of politics that was practiced. After the Spanish American war of 1898, the United States took control of Puerto Rico. In the initial state of US ownership, the Puerto Rican population faced a major dilemma. The island belonged to but was not a part of the United States, and as a result Puerto Ricans held no citizenship. They simply lingered as citizens of nowhere. It was not until the Jones Act of 1917 that Puerto Ricans were granted statutory citizenship which was not equivalent to constitutional citizenship. Not granted full American citizenship by the United States, Puerto Ricans were, on the other hand, granted the right to be drafted into the armed forces during WWI, and also to be recruited as cheap labor for the defense industry during the time of war. Such inequality was not the only thing early Puerto Rican migrants experienced on the island. They also experienced severe economic set backs. Under the domination of the United States, Puerto Rico did not have control over their means of production. Instead, the United States possessed that power and transformed their island into a metropolitan economy. Workers were subjected to the changing demands of US capital expansion, and their migratory movements were shaped accordingly.

Frank Lloyd Wright :: essays research papers

Architecture, the practice of building design and its resulting products, customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant. Today the architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must convey beautiful meaning. But the best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of history of cultures, achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produced them. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art, yet Frank Lloyd Wright single handily changed the history of architecture. How did Frank Lloyd Wright change architecture?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect, who was a pioneer in the modern style, is considered one of the greatest figures in 20th-century architecture. Wright was born June 8, 1867, in Richland Center, Wisconsin. When he entered the University of Wisconsin in 1884 his interest in architecture had already acknowledged itself. The university offered no courses in his chosen field; however, he enrolled in civil engineering and gained some practical experience by working part time on a construction project at the university. In 1887 he left school and went to Chicago where he became a designer for the firm of Adler and Sullivan with a pay of twenty-five dollars a week. Soon Wright became Louis Sullivan’s chief assistant. Louis Sullivan, Chicago based architect, one of America’s advanced designers. Louis had a profound influence on Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright was assigned most of the firm’s home projects, but to pay his many debts he designed ‘Boo tlegged Houses’ for private clients in his spare time. Sullivan disapproved, resulting in Wright leaving the firm in 1893 to establish his own office in Chicago. In the spring of 1893 Wright decided to build his own house in Oak Park, Illinois. Taking six years to build, Wright was free to experiment with his objectives in residential architecture over the next twenty-year period. Designing and re-constructing his buildings was a continuous process. He always changed his designs. For twenty years this home served as an independent labatory for Wright. This too went under constant changes. Rooms were enlarged or added, ceilings heightened, the arrangement of the windows changed, and the entry route into the house was modified. Wright even allowed the growth of a willow tree to be uninterrupted by placing a hold in the roof of the studio.

A research proposal on contract strategies for projects in the subsea oil and gas industry Essay

Introduction In different subsea oil and gas projects developments, the award of large contracts for a variety of works is undertaken.   Nevertheless, the overall strategy for distributing these contracts to different contractors is the main issue regarding to contracting strategy. The recent researches on the field of contract strategies establish that the world is growing very fast technologically thus provoke the need for further exploration for sources of energy especially in subsea oil and gas industry. Furthermore, a profound increase in the projects complexity, increase in projects sizes as well as the intensified international engagements in related issues characterize oil and gas projects in the present world. Although these projects are based in the sea, it is argued by different scholars that construction processes have numerous groups of individuals and companies who get involved either as suppliers, buyers or as the real builders. To maintain and ensure ethical relationships among the various stakeholders contracts are formed.   A contract is a legal term that is either written or spoken as an agreement between two or more parties for the purpose of the delivery of particular services in return for money or any other valuable asset (Blum, 2007, p. 88). In projects related to subsea oil and gas engineering, the process and the character of contracting and presentation of projects contracts is of great significance for the future course of the project and as well for the general success of the project. As far as subsea oil and gas industry is concerned, contracts are the critical tolls for the allocation of tasks, risks and responsibilities. Most importantly, contracting strategies in the above discussed industry takes into account the division of responsibilities within the project cycle, the desired allocation of risks, splitting of engaged parties and services among the involved groups as well as taking into account the   interface and the market situation. Realistic selection of contracting strategies is the foundation of realization of goals and objectives of such projects. According to Blum (2007), it is of importance for involved stakeholders in such projects to have the awareness and knowledge about the particular characteristics of probable contracting strategies.   Contracting strategies refer to the strategies in all stages of a project that establish a level of integration in design, the actual construction and ongoing maintenance in a project and gives support to t he project in form of risk delivery, risk allocation and incentivisation. The Rationale of the Research Considering the increased exploration and initialization of subsea oil and gas exploration and extraction projects, it is of importance to acknowledge the significance of instigating effective and realistic contracting strategies, as they are key to the success of each and every projects. For this reason, it is important to bring into light various contracting strategies by discussing, exploring and analyzing the impacts of such strategies in subsea oil and gas engineering. It is in this respect that the research that will follow will go even deep to thrash out the advantages as well as the shortcomings of different contracting strategies with respect to various literatures in the specific field. Research issue As many comprehend, there has been very little in terms of research concerning contracting strategies especially in the subsea oil and gas sector.   Although few study this issue, many companies are investing in the industry probably ending up adopting one or several contracting strategies. It is therefore a major issue when the necessary research that can guide these companies in selecting the best approaches is unavailable. Research Aim The aim of this research will be to investigate various types of contract strategy used in the subsea oil and Gas Industries and the consideration made before choosing for a particular project. In addition, the research will provide insight in various concept of contracting strategies besides going deep to unclothe various strategies used in the subsea oil and gas industries. Furthermore, the research will explore, discus and determine the role of contract strategy in project management by comparing and evaluating their impacts on a project by applying cost reimbursable contract strategy and lump sum contract strategy. Finally, the study will materialize in identifying the benefits and disadvantages of the various types of contract strategies. The importance of the study On the event of the completion of this planned research,   it is anticipated that various stakeholders in subsea gas and oil industry will be provided with adequate   and vital information about contracting strategies in the field, their impacts on general project   performance, their advantage and disadvantages as well being equipped with information on the roles of various contracting strategies. Research questions To these ends, the study calls on the following research questions: What are the various types of contracting strategies used in the subsea oil and gas industry? What are the considerations made before choosing a contracting strategy? What are the roles of contracting strategies in the subsea oil and gas industry? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the discussed contracting strategies? The empirical part of the research examines the theoretical framework of the perspective of different contracting strategies, their effectiveness, their roles as well as the benefits and shortcomings that accrue as a result of their espousal. Literature review During the initial stages of any project, the main issue that faces the project management stakeholders is to make informed decisions on which contract strategies to adopt that best suits the project for successful achievement of the projects goals and objectives (Inkpen & Moffett, 2011, p. 187). According to Babusiaux (2007), contract strategy refers to the process or the endeavor to select an organizational or projects contractual policy that is required for the execution of specific projects within the major venture. Most importantly, a proper and effective contract strategy for a project especially the ones related to subsea oil and gas industry involves making of five critical and basic decisions that include; setting of the projects objectives and constraints and making of informed decisions on the selection of proper project delivery method. In addition deciding on selection of proper contract type as well as adopting realistic contract administrative mechanisms serves as a basis for triumphant selection of contracting strategies.   Nevertheless, in the subsea oil and gas engineering projects, a contract type is selected by the managers of the project through the advice of the projects engineers and his or her legal advisor. However, the selection in this case must meet the objectives and the goals of the project and be able to take into account the constraints that relate to the project. The objectives are in terms of the time objectives, functional performance, transfer of technology, use of local materials and resources, allocation and payment of risks as well as cost objectives among others. This lead to a reflective increase in the projects complexity, increase in projects sizes as well as the intensified international engagements. Essentially, there are different contracting strategies in subsea oil and gas industry. The contracting strategies include; Engineering Procurement and Construction (EPC) contracting strategy, Engineering Procurement and Construction with Long Lead Items (EPC with LLIs), Engineering, Procurement and Construction Management strategy (EPCM) as well as the Progressive Lump Sum (PLS) (Ross   & Williams, 2012, p. 236). As a matter of fact, the selection of a specific contracting strategy in the subsea oil and gas industry depends on the level of risk an owner of a project dares to undertake and in most cases it reflects the desired peril, the goal and the aspirations of the owner. For that reason, the specific features and factors of the particular project have to be handled with an in-depth analysis and compared to the characteristics of the respective strategy in a manner that provides a foundation for deciding and choosing on the most appropriate solution (Babusiaux, 2007, p. 116). As all this contracting strategies are based on the procurement process, it is basically known that supply chain in the industry of oil and gas has not been taken seriously for quite some time and this has resulted to significant drawbacks . Nevertheless, technological changes lead to the development of core values that aim only at fast exploration with consequent high production of oil and gas products. According to Piskarev & Shkatov (2012) before selecting a contracting strategy to implement, owners of subsea oil and gas projects should ensure that, they consider basic attributes that determine which effective strategy works best in particular environments. To maximize on this, the key factors to consider in such cases include; the type, the size and the location of the subsea industry.   Additionally, as mentioned in the overview, decisions should consider risk allocations, the projects interface, the time constraints   and the market structure among many other factors. References Inkpen, A. C., & Moffett, M. H. (2011). The global oil & gas industry: management,   Ã‚  Ã‚   strategy & finance. Tulsa, Okla, PennWell. Blum, B. A. (2007). Contracts: examples & explanations. Austin, Wolters Kluwer Law &   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Business Babusiaux, D. (2007). Oil and gas exploration and production: reserves, costs, contracts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Paris, France, Editions Technip. Piskarev, A., & Shkatov, M. (2012). Energy Potential of the Russian Arctic Seas Choice of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   development strategy. Burlington, Elsevier Science. Ross, A., & Williams, P. (2012). Financial Management in Construction Contracting.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Chicester, Wiley.