Amartya Sen and His Contributions to Economics

Born in 1933 in Dhaka, Bengal, Amartya Sen spent his childhood in a school run by a Nobel Prize winner, Rabindranath Tagore. He was further exposed to racial riots in British India in his childhood. This brought him the understanding that poor people are especially vulnerable to violence. As a young man, Sen moved to England to study at Cambridge University and deepen his understanding of poverty, a topic in developmental economics.Upon finishing his education, he taught at some of the finest universities in the world, including Cambridge University, Oxford University, London School of Economics, and Harvard University (â€Å"Freedom as Progress,† 2004). Today, the name, Amartya Sen is considered synonymous with welfare economics. The man won the Nobel Prize for economics in the year 1998 (â€Å"Amartya K. Sen†). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences explains the reasons for the award thus: Prof Sen's contribution to welfare economics †¦ (and) applications of his t heoreticalapproach have enhanced our understanding of the economic mechanisms underlying famines. He has made a number of noteworthy contributions to central fields of economic science and opened up new fields of study for subsequent generations of researchers. By combining tools from economics and philosophy, he has restored an ethical dimension to the discussion of vital economic problems. Prof Sen treated problems such as majority rule, individual rights and the availability of information about individual welfare.Almost all of Prof Sen's work deals with development economics, as they are often devoted to the welfare of the poorest people in society. He has also studied actual famines. His best-known work is Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. He challenges the common view that a shortage of food is the most important (sometimes the only) explanation for famine. On the basis of careful study of a number of catastrophes †¦ he argues that famines have occurred even when the supply of food was not significantly lower than during previousyears (without famines), or that famine-stricken areas have sometimes exported food. (â€Å"Sen’s work is ‘devoted to the welfare of the poorest people in society,’† 1998) Sen won the Nobel Prize especially for his work in welfare economics (â€Å"Sin wins Nobel for Contribution to Welfare Economics,† 1998). His contributions in this area include the social choice theory, welfare and poverty indexes, income distribution, research on famine, collective decision making and individual welfare (â€Å"Amartya Sen,† 2000). The economist’s contribution to the social choice theory relates to democracy.Sen is a fan of Adam Smith, but the social choice theory was originally developed by Marquis de Condorcet, a French mathematician who lived and worked during a period of revolution back in the eighteenth century. The theory was modernized in the 1950s by Kennet h Arrow from Stanford University, who had also won a Nobel Prize for economics. But, Sen’s contribution to the theory is marked by its political implications. He was concerned about violence inflicted upon the poor in British India, which is why his contribution was meant to be a framework to evaluate social progress (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†).According to Sen, the Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product are unreliable. The reason is twofold: firstly, these national income statistics do not measure income distribution as it is; and secondly, there are various influences upon individual freedom as well as well-being that these statistics fail to give consideration to, for example, disabilities and exposure to serious illnesses in a contaminated environment. Sen further believed that the head-count technique of measuring the malice of poverty is insufficient.He did not only want to know how many people fell below the poverty line but also how far they fell be low or rose above the poverty line. It is possible to analyze income inequality among the poor as well with these statistics. Hence, Sen proposed a new poverty measure in the year 1979 (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). This method was developed to take into consideration â€Å"the ‘relative deprivation’ of individuals† (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Sen also helped in the development of the Human Development Index published by the United Nations Development Program.His contribution to the Human Development Index included a vector of numerical figures to take into account the various influences on individual welfare that the Gross National Product would not accommodate (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Undoubtedly, this Index, inclusive of â€Å"observed features of living conditions,† is now â€Å"the most widely accepted measure of comparative international welfare† (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Sen was a witness to the Bengal fa mine of 1943, which is what inspired him to contribute to famine economics so much so that governments around the world have developed policies around his contributions.Most policymakers and commentators had previously believed that famines ensue when the supply of food declines. Although this makes perfect economic sense, Sen proved through his study of famines in Bangladesh, India, and sub-Saharan Africa that famines also occur when the supply of food has not declined. In the year 1974, for example, Bangladesh was hit by a famine although production of food was very high. Furthermore, Sen proved through research that it was not only the poorest people that were affected by famines; rather, even those who had suddenly experienced a decline in income for some reason were affected by food shortage.As a result of his research, governments decided to replace the lost income of the poor during famines. Prior to this, they had simply concentrated on food distribution (â€Å"Freedom as P rogress†). Sen further found that famines do not happen in democratic countries. In India, for example, information spreads rapidly and criticism about policies is not discouraged, which is why the country has never experienced a famine. Even though India is poorer than China, the latter experienced a famine that killed approximately thirty million people between 1958 and 1961.But, Sen did not just advocate democracy through this research. As he studied famine economics, he analyzed gender inequality to boot. According to him, democracy has not inspired India to save women from dying prematurely year after year because of inequality in access to healthcare (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). In fact, millions of women are equally affected by this problem in addition to â€Å"domestic neglect† and â€Å"social negligence† in West Asia, North Africa, China and India (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†).Even if these problems are resolved, Sen has noted that â€Å" ‘selective abortion of female fetuses’† is a new contributor to the high rate of female mortality (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Of course, those who believe in aborting female fetuses would disagree with Sen that it is a social problem to reduce the female population thus. It is for this reason that Sen’s social choice theory revolves around democratic principles (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). In other words, â€Å"when there is general agreement, the choices made by society are uncontroversial.When opinions differ, the problem is to find methods for bringing together different opinions in decisions that concern everyone† (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). This theory of social choice analyzes the significance of individual decisions for collective welfare. Apart from analyzing the issue of gender inequality, Sen has used this theory to answer questions such as, ‘When is it possible for majority rule to yield decisions that are c lear and consistent? ’ and, ‘Because individuals have differing interests, how is it possible to know that the society is doing well?Branching into politics, Sen’s contribution to social choice theory makes it essential for democracies not only to perfect the process of elections but also to hold regular public debates and discussions. He offers the example of India to illustrate this point. The country had voted out a powerful political party on the basis of political discussions even if the result of the elections had appeared decisive (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Sen explains another use of the social choice theory with an example of India. There was public debate on the issue of whether poverty in India was on the decline.Upon analyzing the issue with the social choice theory, Sen discovered that reduction in poverty only affected those who were already very close to the poverty line. It is for this reason that the economist continues to trust evaluat ion of income distribution through a variety of measures rather than Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product alone. With his contribution to the Human Development Index, the economist has theoretical evidence that education and healthcare reforms will alleviate poverty in developing nations.Moreover, Sen believes that globalization can benefit the poorest people of the world to boot (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Of course, to make this dream a reality, policymakers must be working around the Human Development Index. After all, violence, too, affects everybody. If poverty is not alleviated, economic progress must needs be dampened by war.References Amartya K. Sen. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://cepa. newschool. edu/het/profiles/sen. htm. Amartya Sen. (2000). LSE. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://www. lse. ac. uk/resources/LSEHistory/sen. htm. Freedom as Progress. (2004, Sep). People in Economics. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft /fandd/2004/09/pdf/people. pdf. Sin wins Nobel for Contribution to Welfare Economics. (1998, Oct 14). Rediff on the Net. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://www. rediff. com/business/1998/oct/14sen5. htm. Sen’s work is ‘devoted to the welfare of the poorest people in society. ’ (1998, Oct 14). Rediff on the Net. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://www. rediff. com/business/1998/oct/14sen2. htm.

Criticism of the Church in the Canterbury Tales Essay

The Canterbury Tales, a collection of tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, was written in Middle English at the end of the 14th century (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011). It is considered to be the best work of literature in English in the Middle Ages (Johnston, 1998). Chaucer uses literary devices as no one had ever done. In addition, he chose to use English instead of Latin. This masterpiece is structured in a similar way as Bocaccio’s Decameron. The tales are organized within a frame narrative (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011) explained in the General Prologue by the narrator: a group of pilgrims that are going to visit St.  Thomas Becket in Canterbury’s Cathedral. These pilgrims are from different estates of the medieval society: nobility, the church and peasantry (The Norton Anthology, 1993: 76). Through the characters, Chaucer reveals some aspects of the society he lived in. In other words, instead of creating typical role models, the characters are exaggerated individuals very different from the prototypical idea. The author uses hyperbolic characters and irony to create humour and criticism. For example, the knight is not the typical medieval soldier the reader would expect. He avoids conflict being a very romantic person. In a similar way, the characters that are part of the Church are also very peculiar. At the time when Chaucer wrote this poem, the Catholic Church was very powerful and rich. The clergy enjoyed great fortunes and a high quality of life compared with the peasantry who was starving and dying. In this essay, I’m going to deal with the criticism towards the Catholic Church analysing the ironic portrays of the Prioress, the Monk, the Friar and the Pardoner. Chaucer begins writing about the hypocrisy of the church in the General Prologue when the Prioress is introduced. The Prioress is a nun with very good manners (e. g. she wipes her lips before drinking, lines 133-134) that behaves as if she were a lady of the court (e. g. she speaks French but with a very bad accent, lines 124-125). The Prioress is also very romantic as we can see in her brooch and her motto: â€Å"Amor vincit omnia† -â€Å"Love conquest all†- (Dr. Melillo, 1996). She is also very kind and sensitive. For instance, she cries when a mouse falls in a trap and feeds her dogs meat so they do not starve. This image of nice person contrasts with the reality of the time. If her words and actions are analyzed, the audience can understand that this was not the typical behavior of a nun. She is more worried about her pets than the commoners who actually did starve and rarely ate meat. The narrator is portraying her as a very naive person in a very nice tone that hides the irony. Nevertheless, the audience was aware that she is not fulfilling the aim of the Church: take care of people (The Norton Anthology, 1993:76). The Monk is the following pilgrim described in the General Prologue. According to his description he is very interested in hunting and in horses (line 166). A monk should not be riding and hunting but obeying, praying, copying and studying. In addition, the Monk is fully aware that his order does not allow these practices and he admits that he does not follow the rules of his order (Jokinen, 2010) (lines 174-175). When the portrait of the Monk finishes in the General Prologue, the man described is bald, fat and well-dressed. Any person in that time that heard this description would immediately think about a lord not a monk. Although the narrator likes the life style of the Monk and his description is not very acid, we can see how Chaucer is criticizing some monk’s lives. Monks are supposed to be obedient and to embrace vow of poverty not to reject rules and live the life they want. After analyzing two characters against who the narrator does not show great rejection, I am going to analyze the Friar and the Pardoner who the narrator describes in a very ironic and bitter tone. A friar is a roaming priest that begs for living whose goal is to help beggars and lepers selflessly. On the contrary, this friar really detests this kind of action because he does not get any benefice from it (lines 242-247). He likes to enjoy life and pleasures. He shows that he is not like a normal friar implying that he is above (lines 210-211) like an aristocrat (Knapp, 1999). In this sense, he acts like the Prioress does, pretending not to be who he really is, a beggar. The reader also knows that he accepts bribes and gives easy penance for extra donations so he can live better. He justifies his conduct explaining that giving money is a sign of repentance. Nevertheless, the Friar, as the Monk, is supposed to have done the vow of poverty. Contradicting any preconceived ideas the reader may have about friars, he has a good quality life thanks to keeping the money he should give his order nd receiving extra incomes. In the description of the character, the audience understood how Chaucer is condemning the abuses of the Church by creating a person who does not follow any of the prototypical characteristics of a good Christian friar. Finally, I am going to explain in detail the character of the Pardoner. The Pardoner resembles the Friar in the fact that both get money from people (with a religious reason behind) for a living and keep it for themselves. However, there are some differences: the Pardoner is not part of an order whereas the Friar is; and he does not believe in what he does either while the Friar justifies it. The Pardoner is considered the most hypocrite character of all because he embodies all the sins he preaches against. He sells papal indulgences in exchange of donation that he keeps for himself showing avarice (lines 389-391). In addition, he admits that he does not feel guilty and that the relics he sells are a fraud. Furthermore, he tells the other pilgrims his tricks implying that he lies and manipulates people to get money. Ironically, after he has admitted that he is a liar, the Pardoner gives a kind of sermon against gluttony, drunkenness, gambling and swearing. Moreover, his tale can be considered an exemplum (Patterson, 1976) that warns against avarice and drunkenness. He gives an instance of the kind of person he is when he tries to sell one of his relics to the Host even when he has already told them they are forged and useless. Apart from being described as, what we would call now, a con artist and a sinful person, there are allusions to his condition of homosexual and eunuch (Jokinen, 1998). All these characteristics make him appear in the margins of society. As I said before, this character is the one that better represents the hypocrisy that Chaucer shows in this work. As I said, he represents all the sins he preaches against: he drinks (his finishes his drink before stating the tale); he lies (about his relics, line 394), and he is greedy (he keeps the money, line 409). Through this character, the author shows a very sinful and corrupt church away from their goal. To conclude, Chaucer shows a very hypocrite and selfish members of the Church in The Canterbury Tales. In the 14th century, the Catholic Church was very influential and religion was present in everyday life. The purpose of the Church was supposed to be the caring of the people. Nonetheless, the characters in this poem do not worry about anything else that themselves and their actions are directed always to their own benefit. Through their words and actions described ironically by the narrator, the characters reflect their sins and their corruption and by extension, the sins and corruption of the Church. It can be concluded that in The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer makes a social criticism showing the dishonesty of the Church. However, it should be pointed out that the characters are an exaggerated version of the original people because the main aim of this work is to be enjoyable for the audience.

Ventria Bioscience and the Controversy over Plant-Made Medicines

Case Study: â€Å"Ventria Bioscience and the Controversy over Plant – Made Medicines† GB590 Corporate Social Responsibility Prof. Timothy Loney By Willette Marchany Rivera February 22, 2011 Introduction: Case overview Ventria Bioscience, a biotechnology firm based in California, faces the challenge of commercializing a product with potential and considerable public health benefits. Ventria had developed a ground-breaking technology using genetically modified (GM) rice to grow the proteins lactoferrin and lysozyme, both found in human breast milk, which can be used for the treatment of diarrhea in children, tourists and the military. Lawrence and Weber, 2010, p. 494) However, the pioneer biotechnology invention has to go through regulatory processes and stakeholder’s scrutiny, before it can enter the market. There are ethical concerns over the plant-based medicines and opposition coming from consumer advocates, environmentalists, rice farmers and food safety activ ists. Ventria needs to overcome the regulatory environment and manage its stakeholder relations in order to succeed and release this product for sale. In order to do so they must establish a strategic plan to improve their triple bottom line performance.They need to convince stakeholders that the potential benefits are desirable and that they can safely and responsibly deliver the product to be commercialized. Even then, Ventria and the biotechnology industry might always face opposition from groups against genetically modified organisms in which human genes are also manipulated. â€Å"The public’s reactions to plant- made pharmaceuticals were likely to be extreme, given the high benefits, potential risks, and deep moral quandaries posed by these new technologies. † (Lawrence & Weber, 2010, p. 92) Financial goal Ventria’s financial goal is to make profit from producing in a big scale the GM rice they developed and selling it at an affordable price. The plant-mad e pharmaceutical concept was created in order to take advantage of the capability of harvesting the proteins in a natural host instead of using a costly laboratory environment where manufacturing would be slower and in a smaller scale. Ventria’s financial goal seems to be intertwined to the capability of producing the GM rice outdoors over a large amount of land.Environmentalists and rice farmers are highly concerned with the possibility of comingling happening and the adverse impact on the ecosystem this could have. Other than that, the Union of Concerned Scientists, a policy advocacy group, warned that it is unwise to produce drugs in plants outdoors, because there would be little control over the doses people might get exposed to, and some might be allergic to the proteins. (Grace, 2011, para. 24-25) Environmentalists are concerned too about Ventria using acres of arable land to harvest medicine instead. (Grace, 2011, para. 0) Social goal Ventria’s social goal shoul d be to contribute to the treatment of diarrhea in children, the military and tourists at an affordable price with their innovative plant-made pharmaceutical without damaging society. In order to do so, they shall get the local and global public to trust the biotechnology industry and plant-made pharmaceuticals. They also need to assure that the product or its production will not harm or negatively affect human lives. The GM rice cannot get mixed with or contact in any way crops designated for human food supply.At the same time, consumers need to be informed honestly about the content of the products and that they are GM. Otherwise, customers would be deceived. There are ethical concerns about the use of human genes in this GM rice and consumer rights to be informed should be placed first. Food safety is also an issue as this GM rice remains to be widely tested in humans and be approved by the FDA. The company also needs to become liable in case the GM rice contaminates other rice f armers’ crops and contaminated products are sent to the human food supply.Environmental goal Ventria’s environmental goal would be to produce the GM rice without contaminating the environment or throwing off the natural balance, that is, without disturbing the ecosystem. They cannot allow comingling to happen. Also, they need to avoid and control the risks of any adverse impact of the GM rice to the ecosystem by taking measures to avoid potential harms to the wildlife and the spreading of the GM rice crops that could lead to undesirable hybrids.Summary: Triple bottom line performance and strategic recommendations After considering all the financial, social and environmental factors that adversely affect their performance, Ventria is in position of making a strategic decision. They should consider first to modify or radically change their production strategy and second to enter in a marketing process focused in educating the public about their product. These strategies can help them achieve their three bottom-line goals. They need to provide a safer way of producing their product and obtain the permits and the approval to sell it.Their financial, social and environmental goals can only be attained by focusing in resolving the issues with their stakeholders. There are two recommendations on how to change their current production strategy. They can search for an isolated area of arable land away from other rice farmers and set stringent measures of control to avoid the risk of contaminating other crops. However, controlling all the risk factors in an open crop field would be complicated and it is uncertain to which degree it could be accomplished.Another option would be to consider production in greenhouses. This would be probably more costly, but will ensure a higher degree of control. Finally, Ventria would have to ensure the safety of their product and take on an honest advertising campaign to disseminate doubts and concerns about their invention . Likely, there will be opposition based on the ethical concerns about GM. However, public campaigns that provide straight forward and clear information from the developers will give customers more tools to make an informed decision about the product.References Grace. (2011, February 2). Genetically modified rice now on its way to fields in several  countries. Nwoandsecretsocieties. WordPress. com. Retrieved February 24, 2011 from http://nwoandsecretsocieties. wordpress. com/2011/02/02/genetically-modified-rice-now-on-its-way-to-fields-in-several-countries/ Lawrence, A. T. (2010). Ventria Bioscience and the Controversy over Plant- Made Medicines. In Lawrence, A. T. , Weber J. , Business and Society: Stakeholders, Ethics,

Managing Music Festival Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Music Festival Project - Term Paper Example The location, which is to be used throughout the three days, shall be an outdoor venue. Essentially, the need to make the festival run for a period of three days is in the fact that the programs and agenda are numerous and they do not have to be packed into only a day or two’s program. With three days, there can be a total exhibition of all components of the agenda without really bordering about time. This is a musical festival, aiming to campaign on the need to prevent HIV/AIDS. This method can be judged as a very justifiable avenue to achieve the aim of the project. This is especially important as the company in question has a lot of social objectives that are directed towards making the lives of ordinary people worthwhile. In light of this campaign, the company will also be in a position to make huge profits for out of the program. It is estimated that the total expenditure of the program shall cost? 200,000 with an expected turnover of? 300,000. Project Brief It is common knowledge that most people within the age group of 15 to 35 are students. This means that the promotional strategy will be focused through schools. Fundamentally, schools within the vicinity of the festival grounds shall be targeted for on-campus float and event march. There shall also be a means of advertisement such as the use of billboards, posters and electronic announcement. Even more, there shall be the fusion of technology and the use of new media to ensure that the youth who are keener to the use of the internet are reached through the internet (Guan and Subrahmanyam, 2011). Fundamentally, there shall be the creation of a website for the festival as well as the creation of a social network page to promote the festival. There shall also be the promotion of the event through the organization of a brief social responsibility in the communities that form the vicinity area for the festival. Some of these social interventions shall include tree planting activities as well as clean up exercises (Huebener, 2005). There will not have to be too much time spent on each day.  

Research assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment - Research Paper Example Apart from being some of the most favorable career choices in New York and the US at large, these career options suit skills that I have accrued over time, and also require the personal traits and character strengths that I possess which include spirituality, love, gratitude, kindness, and humor. From this research, I aim at collecting sufficient information both from secondary sources and interviews that would guide me in making a wise and directed career choice. The structure of the research paper will involve three segments: a total of eight Q&A on each of the two occupations, with two questions extracted from each of the four parts of information in the Career Database, and a conclusion. Occupation One: Registered nurse Q.1: What kind of work is done in this field (types of tasks, responsibilities, assignments, projects, etc.)? A: The work of a registered nurse entails a lot of tasks and responsibilities that draw their descriptions from the many environments that registered nurs es work: nursing care facilities, hospitals, correctional facilities, schools, military, doctor’s offices, and different types of camps. ... The work of registered nurses is not only limited to these, but Kate, a registered nurse in an Albany hospital, emphasizes on a lot of sacrifice of nurses in being able to step out of their working description and do many other tasks whenever it is needed, especially in a critical situation involving life. Q.2: How flexible are the hours? Does the work involve long hours, shift work, overtime, or working on weekends? A.: Most working environments for registered nurses have duty rosters that allocate each employee fair working hours. These rosters are usually supplied beforehand, ensuring each registered nurse has flexibility in planning other personal activities. The average working hours for nurses is approximately 10 hours. The work involves shifts that provide alternations by various workers. However, in cases of emergencies like catastrophes, there is an expectation and obligation of nurses to sacrifice and work overtime, even with an exception of compensation, for the sake of hu manity. Q.3: What education is required for someone who is entering this field (associate’s, bachelors, master’s, or other advanced degrees)? A: At entry level, an Associate’s degree is the requirement for someone with an interest in pursuing a career as a registered nurse. However, a Bachelor’s degree would be a better bet as research has shown that most people in this career have attained this level of education (Labor Statistics). Q.4: What kinds of people tend to do well in this field? What skills and qualities are important (e.g., attention to detail, ability to work under pressure, or ability to negotiate)? A. Being a registered nurse requires a number of skillsets and qualities that only a few have in a combinative form. These include patience, altruism,

Death and Dying paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Death and Dying paper - Essay Example One evening while watching a television interview â€Å"Nightline†, Mitch comes to realize the existence of his once favorite lecturer who happens to be the interviewee. It is from this point that Mitch, who stays in Michigan, contacts Morrie, who stays in Massachusetts and promises to pay him a visit. Right from their first meeting after a long period, Morrie and Mitch found an opportunity to talk much about life. It is during this discussion when Mitch realizes that Morrie had forfeited his favorite hobby, dancing, after contacting ALS. From this point, Mitch is seen as coming to learn more about his life. Mitch notices that maybe he has placed his priorities in the wrong order. Mitch eventually regrets a lot for his failure to contact Morrie for all that period of time. in addition, Mitch is hit hard with the fact that he will not be able to have Morrie around his life now- Morrie will die of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Mitch then promises to pay Morrie a visit every Tuesday to learn more about life, hence the title, Tuesdays with Morrie (Albom, 2010). Based on the activities around the main characters, a reader can easily grasp a lot from the novel Tuesdays with Morrie. Primarily, the main theme pursued by the author is socialization. That is, how social contacts influence people’s lives. In addition, many readers understand how careers and shortcomings in life, such as diseases (in this case cancer and ALS) may deteriorate relationships between people. The writer uses the main characters Mitch and Morrie to convey his message to the readers. ALS is a neurological disease, which affects the brain and the spinal cord by killing neurons and eventually damaging the functionality of the brain. The ALS is a killer disease that at its advanced stages leads to the death of the patient. A lot of discussions and research works have been carried out in trying to understand better

Early Adulthood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Early Adulthood - Essay Example People also have to strengthen their relationships with friends. They become deeper, and some people may become new friends. All the valuable connections are important for people, as happiness is widely determined by a number of happy memories – which concern more psychological aspects, rather than material needs and desires fulfilled. Lack of psychological fulfillment leads to frustration, dissatisfaction and lack of happy memories and, thus, lack of overall happiness. Another crucial aspect is to find a place within the society and develop own career. Young adults have to develop features needed for a successful career. It is a very important thing, as people spend a lot of time on work – which leads to shortening quantity of children in the family. Work is not only about earning – it is about status, recognition, identity, self-realization and many other essential aspects. Early Adulthood is the outcome from the previous periods of life and is a preparation to Middle Adulthood with its tasks for development. People face many difficult questions and challenges that build them up. People have to develop simultaneously in various spheres of life. They stop being children only and start having own children. They discover what they want to do in their lives. Definitely, love maturation is a crucial step of this period. Romance and addiction start to obtain ground and responsibilities. Many fantasies are getting broken and the reality comes up and people have to manage it.

Homeschooling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Homeschooling - Research Paper Example Home schooling program has been legal in the United States. Its rapid growth comes as a big surprise to educators both in public and private schools. An estimate from The National Center for Education Statistics of the US Dept. of Education sets it at 1.1 million in 2003 an increase from 850,000 in 1999 and 1.1 million in 2003. Parents cited many reasons favoring this system. But there are evidences that lead me to an argument that this program needs tighter regulation, either banned or to conclude that it is an educational neglect. If you are a parent, and convinced that home study program is right for your child, see the disadvantages first and weigh its consequences after. Disadvantages Personality change. Home schooling deprives the child of the opportunity of gaining social skills that could only be gained or developed when the child is with his/her peers. A child learns to interact with other students from all walks of life in a school environment, thus leading to growth and development. Studies of Scott, White et.al. supports my argument such that their Examination of Previously Homeschooled College Students with the Big Five Model of Personality showed that the unique socialization practices of homeschooled families may impact their children’s personality development. Communication. A regular school gives children a chance to work with other people, hear different opinions, values, and beliefs.

Balanced Budget Controversies Republican vs Democrat Solutions Essay

Balanced Budget Controversies Republican vs Democrat Solutions - Essay Example Recent developments which have resulted from the effects of the Economic Recession have led to an increase in the controversy surrounding the amendment to include provisions of a balanced budget into the US constitution. The divide has been particularly pronounced between the Democrats and the Republicans. These debates while launched from allegedly economic perspectives have undertones of political policies which these parties are trying to protect. There are three main arguments in the balanced budget debate; the traditionalist approach; the Ricardian view; and the view that a balanced budget does not represent an accurate measurement of fiscal policy. The traditionalist view argues that budget deficits at present will lead to a weakening of the economy in future lading to lower investment, higher domestic interest rates which affect exports and ultimately a reduction in longer term economic growth. The Ricardian perspective takes a trade in perspective on the balanced budget issue . The logic of the Ricardian view is that budget deficits today represent higher future taxes. The perspective assumes that since citizens acknowledge future higher taxes they adjust their savings and spending accordingly leading to little effect on long term growth. The third position believes that while the government may influence spending saving and investment, the effect of the budget deficit is not the only measure of the fiscal policy effect on these variables (Joyce 122). While the two main sides in the debate accrue to the various fiscal debates, the truth is more rooted in political considerations. Both the two parties are interested in winning over or retaining their voting districts through the offering of tax breaks, and incentives. The issue of the budget deficit has different interpretations by think tanks and political Parties. The Republican Party is the most vocal in calling for an amendment that would put forth a constitutional cap on federal spending in order to match expenditure. The suggested amendment put forth by the Republicans is to restrict government expenditure to 18% of income (Jansson 268). The view of the Republican Party takes the traditionalist view in assuming that higher taxes have a negative effect on longer term economic growth by reducing national savings, investment and exports. The main thrust of the Republican Party argument is mainly on the effect of the increase of a budget deficit on future generations. The thrust of the argument is that since a budget deficit reduces investment, it results to a decrease in future productivity impacting long term economic growth (Joyce 139-141). Republicans are thus for the scaling down of social programs or their total abolition as they deem them unnecessary burdens on the economy. The Democratic Party on the other hand adopts both the Ricardian and fringe approaches regarding a balanced budget. The argument of the Democratic Party is that citizens acknowledge the effects of a budg et deficit and hence save and spend accordingly. The Democratic Party also does not believe that the budget deficit is the only variable in fiscal policy outcomes. The Democrats are for cuts in the budget which are distributed over a span of ten years as opposed to the fixed cap (Jansson, 21-219). The perspective believes in the crowding in effect whereby the expenditure by government leads to output demand leading to capital investment. While the Republicans argue that

Life, legacy and leadership of luis farrakhan Essay

Life, legacy and leadership of luis farrakhan - Essay Example In February 1955, while attending a musical concert in Chicago, Louis was invited to attend the Nation of Islam Saviour Day Convention. In this convention, he discovered a different calling and following encouragement Malcolm X, he joined the Nation of Islam, an organization established in the 1930s by Elijah Muhammad. Louis rose through the hierarchy and was later bestowed the holy name, Farrakhan by the movement’s leader Muhammad. When Elijah Muhammad the founder died in 1975, the Nation of Islam went into organizational chaos and eventually fragmented. One of Muhammad’s sons brought the movement to the formal tenets and practices of Orthodox Islam. Farrakhan withdrew from this Islamic organization and re-established the old Nation of Islam in which he remained loyal to the precepts and practices of its former patriarch. Louis stepped into Muhammad’s leadership mantle where he remained fiery and outspoken on social, political, racial and religious issues. In my view, he carved himself into an image of a militant spokesman for the conservative black nationals. In 1979 through the Nation of Islam movement, Farrakhan founded the Final Call, a weekly newspaper similar to the original Muhammad Speaks started by Malcolm X in which Farrakhan ran a weekly column (Kippenberger, 31). American politics are viewed as being free from threats of tyranny, dictatorship and a solid commitment to civil rights liberties and rights of individual citizens and minority groups as enshrined in the U.S constitution. On the contrary, Farrakhan through his speeches and views raises racial disharmony. He is an influential participant in the national black American politics and history. He continues to fight oppression in the U.S educational system, government and urban communities, the suffering endured by African-Americans, other ethnicities and racial groups. Many diverse local and global organizations hail Farrakhan as a champion in the struggle for freedom from oppressive treatment, justice and equality especially in uplifting and reforming the black community. With some scientific inclination, Farrakhan claims that blacks were the original human species and often quotes scientific findings of the oldest human being as being black (Kayyali, 173). He is well known for leading the Nation of Islam, an African-American movement that has practiced elements of Islam and Black Nationalism. The most significant accomplishment in civic rights activism was the 1995 Million Man March in Washington D.C. The march took a healing message and was inspired by concerns over the negative image of black men propagated by the media and film industry linking the black community to drugs, illicit sex and gang violence. He harnessed dialogue among gangs in the ghettos in major cities in America to reduce the level of social violence (Singh, 265). He set up an economic channel as a base for blacks to excel in business through education and training. He sought to bring solutions to the challenges of war, poverty, discrimination and the right to an education. In 2000 he convened the Million Family March to unite the human family, presided many weddings and re-commitment of vows. In 2005, upon the 10th anniversary of the

Analyze, discuss, and interpet Machiavelli's Art of War Essay

Analyze, discuss, and interpet Machiavelli's Art of War - Essay Example In this case, through detailed discussion and analysis of the aspects of war, one can apply the theories, mores, virtues, and principles, to that of the nation’s affair and consequently to civilian life. Military and State Since the problem of an ideal society or state has already been exhaustively discussed by Aristotelian and Socratic philosophers; For Machiavelli, the problem that he would like to delve on is how to expand and maintain the power of the state, which must be ordered for the benefit of the greater good of the people. To answer this, Machiavelli always would look back at history i.e. Rome, Sparta, Greece, and discovered a very important pattern—that powerful empires emerge out of violent victories. And it is through this premise that he patterned his ideals of leadership as characterized by his ‘Prince.’ â€Å"For men change their rulers willingly, hoping to better themselves and this hope induces them to take up arms against him who rulesà ¢â‚¬  (Machiavelli, â€Å"The Prince†). Ergo, one of the many important points that could be derived from â€Å"The Art of War† is that military leadership is synonymous to civil leadership. Because war is innate and inevitable as man is in constant conflict with himself, political objectives would be the defining force and or limitation of it. War is fought because of political motives—which again reinforces another premise that Machiavelli made—that civil and military life is inseparable. That the way we function—the mores, principles, and standards that we apply in the military is also applicable or could also govern civil actions. For instance, the discipline of the soldiers could be instilled to workers; the essence of always being prepared for battle—stability under pressure, is a mindset that could be adopted in civilian affairs to be able to handle pressures of everyday life. Military as an Expression of Power Another important poin t that Machiavelli made is that military capabilities of a nation are the direct expression of power. The prince, to be an effective and powerful leader must also have an effective army. To prove his point, he again drew example from history â€Å"Rome remained free four hundred years while armed: Sparta eight hundred: Many other Cities have been dis-armed, and have been free less than forty years.† If a nation does not have an effective army, it must hire foreigners to fight its battle or for it to have someone defending its borders and citizens. But Machiavelli also warned that hiring foreigners for military could pose more dangers, as compared to maintaining your own, as these people could easily corrupt the citizens. When a nation has its own military, it â€Å"has not other fear except of its own Citizens† (Machiavelli, â€Å"Art of War†). Military Strategy and Tactics vis-a-vis Politics According to Sun Tzu, â€Å"the art of war is of vital importance to the state. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which

Extreme sports Essay Example for Free

Extreme sports Essay The X Games is one of the more popular sporting events, where people gather to watch athletes compete in extreme sports. Some of these sports include skateboarding, mountain biking and motorcycle racing. The community around extreme sports can sometimes be seen as exclusive and particular when it comes to defining what an extreme sport is and who is a true extremist. Originally, I believe the extreme sport community created this division of athletics because they thought their sports did not fit in at a standard sporting event. Part of the reason some the extreme athletes participate in their sport is because they see it as  a way of defying the boundaries of what is seen as a typical sport. Most extreme sports are about pushing limits. Extreme sports are not conventional in the sense that practicing isn’t really necessary, a coach isn’t necessary, and the sports are very individualistic. Some of the extreme sport athletes do it for the adrenaline rush. They do it purely for themselves. Their reasoning contrasts to some of the other sports where lots of practice and coaching is essential for success. A lot of the athletes that compete in non extreme sports are focused on getting sponsors or when you’re younger, getting recruited for college. For the extreme sport community this is considered to be feeding into the capitalist society/culture. Part of extreme sports is about taking risks and not having anything to fall back on. The X games have put a strain on the extreme sports community because some seem to think that the event has altered the true goal of the sport, which is to take risks and to go against the mainstream culture. Some people seem to believe that it has become like the other sporting events, in the sense that there are now big sponsors and judges. They argue that the extreme athletes are no longer taking risks because they want to make  sure they can land the trick. The goal is no longer to try new tricks and push the bar, but its more about doing what you know will please the judges. This goes against what extremist originally wanted for the sport. It takes the risk out of it and you no longer do it for yourself but for the judges. The fact that there are sponsors is also a cause for controversy because some people see it as the athletes being sellouts. For example, Tony Hawk is famous skate boarder. He has a lot of sponsors, video games, and ads. Some say he is no longer a true extremist because of it. At the same time, what makes the sports in the X games more extreme than say diving or gymnastics? Both sports are very individualistic and there is a lot of a risk, yet they are not seen as extreme sports. I think the extreme sports community has tried to make their community too exclusive and extreme sports benefit from the X games and the sponsors and judges it brings. The event does bring aspects that were not originally a part of the sport, but the extreme sports community will grow now. Extremist can still continue to push limits and do the sport for themselves despite what others may think.

The Tcp Service Model Information Technology Essay

The Tcp Service Model Information Technology Essay The transport service is implemented by a transport protocol used between two transport entities. The transport protocol have to deal with error control, sequencing, and flow control. UDP is a simple protocol and it has some niche uses, such as client-server interactions and multimedia, but for the most Internet applications, reliable, sequenced delivery is needed.UDP cannot provide this, so another protocol is required. It is called TCP and is the main workhouse of the internet. THE TCP SERVICE MODEL: TCP service is obtained by both the sender and receiver creating end points, called sockets. A socket may be used for multiple connections at the same time. All TCP connections are full duplex and point to point. Full duplex means that the traffic can go in both directions at the same time. Point-to-point connection contains exactly two end points. Another feature of the TCP service is URGENT DATA. When the urgent data are received at the destination. The receiving application is interrupted so it can stop whatever it was doing and read the data stream to find the urgent data. The start of the urgent data is not marked while the end is marked so the application knows when it is over. This scheme basically provides a crude signaling. THE TCP PROTOCOL: A key feature of TCP, and one which dominates the protocol design, is that every byte on a TCP connection has its own 32-bit sequencer. When the internet began, the lines between routers were mostly 56-kbps leased lines, so a host blasting away at full speed took over 1 week to cycle through the sequence numbers. Separate 32-bit sequence numbers are used for acknowledgements and for the window mechanism. The sending and receiving TCP entities exchange data in the form of segments. What should a segment have? 1.Each segment including the TCP header, must fit in the 65,515-bytes IP payload. 2.Each network has a maximum transfer unit, or MTU, and each segment must fit in the MTU. THE TCP SEGMENT HEADER: The following is the dissection of TCP header field by field. The Source port and Destination port fields identify the local end points of the connection. The source port number is of 16 bits and indentifies the sending host TSAP(client port number). The destination port number is of 16 bits and is used to identify the receiver host TSAP(server port number). The sequence number is of 32 bits size. Since TCP supports Byte-stream, in which each byte is numbered, big space is allocated for numbering i.e.(2 power 32=4096 million).With the help of these numbers only ,one can be able to differentiate the old delayed duplicate with fresh ones. The acknowledgement number is of 32 bits size. It specifies the next byte expected. The length of TCP header is of 4 bits size and indicates the number of rows. Next comes a 6-bit field that is UNUSED. The fact that this field has survived intact for over a quarter of a century is testimony to how well thought out TCP is. Lesser protocols would have needed it to fix bugs in the original design. Six 1-bit flags: 1. URG is set to 1 if the urgent flag pointer is in use. 2. The ACK bit is set to 1 to indicate that the acknowledgement number is valid. If ACK is 0, the segment does not contain an acknowledgement so the ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER is ignored. 3. The PSH bit indicates pushed data. 4. The RST bit is used to reset a connection that has become confused due to a host crash or some other reason. It is also used to reject an invalid segment or refuse an attempt to open a connection. In general, if you get a segment with the RST bit on, you have problem on your hands. 5. The SYN bit is Synchronization flag. It is used to establish connections. The connection request has SYN=1 and ACK=0 to indicate that the piggyback acknowledgement field is not in use. The connection reply does bear an acknowledgement, so it has SYN=1 and ACK=1. 6. The FIN bit is finish flag. It is used to release a connection. It specifies that the sender has no more data to transmit. CHECKSUM: A checksum is also provided for extra reliability. It checks the header, the data and the conceptual pseudoheader. When performing this computation, the TCP Checksum field is set to zero and the data field is padded out with an additional zero byte if its length is an odd number. PSEUDOHEADER: The pseudoheader contains the 32-bit IP addresses of the source and destination machines, the protocol number for TCP (6), and the byte count for the TCP segment. Including the pseudoheader in the TCP checksum computation helps detect misbelieved packets. TCP CONNECTION MANAGEMENT MODELING: The steps required to establish and release connections can be represented in a finite state machine with the 11 states listed below. In each state, certain events are legal .when a legal event happens, some action may be taken. If some other event happens, an error is reported. State Description CLOSED No connection is active or pending LISTEN The server is waiting for an incoming call SYN, RCVD A connection request has arrived: wait for ACK SYN SENT The application has started to open a connection ESTABLISH The normal data transfer state FIN WAIT 1 The application has said it is finished FIN WAIT 2 The other side has agreed to release TIMED WAIT Wait for all packets to die off CLOSING Both sides have tried to close simultaneously CLOSING WAIT The other side has initiated a release LAST ACK Wait for all packets to die off Each connection starts in the CLOSED state. When it performs either a passive open {LISTEN}, or an active open {CONNECT}, it leaves the state. If the other side does the opposite one, a connection is established and the state becomes ESTABLISHED. Connection release can be initiated by either side. The state returns to CLOSED, after it is completed. Description of the figure: The heavy solid line is the normal path for a client. The heavy dashed line is the normal path for a server. The light lines are unusual events. Each transition is labeled by the event causing it and the action resulting from it, separated by a slash. The event can either be a user à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬initiated system call {CONNECT, LISTEN, SEND or CLOSE}, a segment arrival [SYN, FIN, ACK or RST}, or in one case, a timeout of twice the maximum packet lifetime. The action is the sending of a control segment {SYN, FIN or RST} or nothing, indicated by -.Comments is shown in parentheses. Figure: TCP connection management finite state machine. TCP TRANSMISSION POLICY: Windows Management in TCP is not directly tied to acknowledgements as it is in most data link protocols. If the sender transmits a 2048-byte segment that is correctly received, the receiver will acknowledge the segment. However, since it now has only 2048 bytes of buffer space (until the application removes some data from the buffer), it will advertise a window of 2048 starting at the next byte expected. The window management in TCP is shown in the following figure. Now the sender transmits another 2048 bytes, which are acknowledged, but the advertised window is 0. The sender must stop until the application process on the receiving host has removed some data from the buffer, at which time TCP can advertise a larger window. Senders are not required to transmit data as soon as they come in from the application. When the first 2 KB of data came in, TCP, knowing that it had a 4 KB window available, would have been completely correct in just buffering the data until another 2KB came in, to be able to transmit a segment with a 4KB payload. This freedom can be exploited to improve performance. On the following grounds the sender com still send segments upon receiving the win=0(window size) or (buffer available). When the window=0;the sender may not normally send segments, with two exceptions i)URGENT DATA MAY BE SENT To allow the user to kill the process running on the remote machine. ii)The sender may send a 1byte segment to make the receiver re-announce the next byte expected and window size. SILLY WINDOW SYNDROME: To transmit 1byte of message TCP overhead 20 bytes, IP are required.In other words just to transmit 1 byte, extra 40 Bytes are required. Whenever there is a 1 byte room available at the receiver buffer, the window update segment is sent. Since the receiver is requested for 1 byte the sender sends 1 byte which leads to the receiver buffer to be full over again. Asking for 1 Byte and sending 1 byte appears to be silly, hence the name silly window syndrome. To avoid Silly window syndrome, Nagle suggested NAGLES APPROACH: When the data comes to the sender 1 byte at a time, just send the first Byte and buffer, all the rest until the outstanding Byte is acknowledged. Then send all the buffered characters in one 1 TCP segment and start buffering again until they are all acknowledged. Nagles approach cannot be implemented for all applications. In particular, when as X-windows application is being run over the internet, mouse movements have to be sent to the remote computer. Gathering them and sending them in bursts makes the mouse cursor more erratically, which makes users dissatisfied. CLARKS ALGORITHM: This approach is to prevent the receiver from sending a window update for 1byte instead, it is forced to wait until it has a decent amount of space available and then advertise that. Nagles algorithm is with respect to sender and Clarkà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s algorithm with respect to solve Silly window syndrome. The overall goal is for the sender not to send small segments and the receiver not to ask for them. TCP CONGESTION CONTROL: When the load offered to any network is more than it can handle, congestion builds up. The Internet is no exception. Although network layer also tries to manage congestion, most of the heavy lifting is done by TCP because the real solution to congestion is to slow down the data rate. In theory, congestion can be dealt with by employing a principle borrowed from physics: the law of conservation of packets. The idea is to refrain from injecting a new packet into the network until an old one leaves.TCP attempts to achieve this goal by dynamically manipulating the window size. The first step in managing congestion is detecting it. A timeout caused by a lost packet could have been caused by either (1) noise on a transmission line or (2) packet discard at a congested router. Nowadays, packet loss due to transmission errors is relatively rare because most long-haul trunks are fiber. All the Internet TCP algorithms assume that timeouts are caused by congestion and monitor timeouts for signs of trouble the way miners watch their canaries. TCP TIMER MANAGEMENT: TCP uses multiple timers to do its work. The most important of these is the retransmission timer. When a segment is sent, a retransmission timer is started. If the segment is acknowledged before the timer expires, the timer is stopped. If, on the other hand, the timer goes off before the acknowledgement comes in, and the segment is retransmitted. A second timer is the persistence timer. It is designed to prevent the following deadlock. The receiver sends an acknowledgement with a window size of 0, telling the sender to wait.Later, the receiver updates the window, but the packet with the update is lost. Now both the sender and the receiver are waiting for each other to do something. When the persistence timer goes off, the sender transmits a probe to the receiver. The response to the probe gives the window size. If it is still zero, the persistence timer is set again and the cycle repeats. If it is nonzero, data can now be sent. A third timer that some implementations use is the keep alive timer. When a connection has been idle for a long time, the keep alive timer may go off to cause one side to check whether the other side is still here. If it fails to respond, the connection is terminated. This feature is controversial because it adds overhead and may terminate an otherwise healthy connection due to transient network partition. The last timer used on each TCP connection is the one used in the TIMED WAIT state while closing. It runs for twice the maximum packet lifetime to make sure that when a connection is closed; all packets created by it have died off.

Understanding The Relationship Between Political Theory And Ideology Politics Essay

Understanding The Relationship Between Political Theory And Ideology Politics Essay In this essay I make an attempt to differentiate the terms political theory and ideology. I shall also attempt to clarify the meanings used by political theorists. Whilst all theories and ideologies are salient they also possess elements that are contentious or misleading and in turn no matter what political reasoning is developed it in itself can be contested and there are different perspectives and ideologies for any given situation and those perspectives have shaped the modern political landscape and shaped the societies within which we live. Theory or ideas are the toolbox upon which ideology is created. Theory is moulded from philosophy, it is not about coming to a given conclusion or proving a situation, it is an effort to understand through analysis and investigation. Political theory looks at factors such as communities, freedom, equality, social Justice and then attempts to create a model for ideal society by attempting to predict patterns in the future. Empirical political theory is by and large conducted by political science institutions and is intended to describe the What is and from that data try and formulate ideas of What works. Normative political theory is performed mostly by philosophers, legal scholars, and a few political scientists, and attempts to describe how societies ought to be run in essence an opinion of what ought to be as opposed to what is. What can be seen historically is that political theorists seem to be in battle with one another attempting to legitimise their particular view on governmen t, how government should be in their eyes. Some of the modern political theorists include the likes of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau who penned Social contract theories, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels theories of class struggle and Max weber and Ralf Dahrendorf the main authoritative writings on social conflict theory. Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau were Social Contract theorists and critics of the politics in their own societies and expressed this opposition in their explanations of government as it should be, model government. Each had a very different perspective of contractarianism. To Hobbes the State is everything, all powerful and citizens voluntarily give restrictions to their liberty and promise to obey central laws. All individuals make a contract between themselves with an assembly of men to protect their liberty thus they promise to obey the sovereign and in turn have no grounds for complaint against the sovereign. Hobbess view is secular, non-spiritual and thus no allowance of independent political power for religion (Leviathan 1651) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Hobbes theory is one of Absolutism, complete obedience to a single will is necessary to maintain order and security. According to Hobbes without the state and political authority life would be nasty, brutish, and short. In other words an indiv iduals own ego and democracy should be avoided with the monarch being the pinnacle and absolute authority in order for society to survive. John Locke (1689), in contrast to Hobbes, is the founder of the Constitutionalism theory, this is still a social contract theory. This is the theory that is the basis of modern liberal thinking. To Locke God gave the world to mankind as a whole and he also gave the right to life, liberty and estate. Man should live in a state of perfect and complete liberty to conduct ones life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others (IEP 2011). Each person has personal property rights and the political society is set up to protect those natural rights of life. Each individual consents to be governed by giving some of those rights in return for the state to preserve and protect their rights to life liberty and estate. From this we can deduce that social government has a social duty by way of a social contract to promote and protect the natural rights of its citizens. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) Rousseau judged that liberty was possible only where citizens as a whole had direct and full participation in the law making of the land. To Rousseau popular sovereignty was indivisible and inalienable. For Rousseau Citizens have to be able to choose fundamental rules by which they live and citizens must be able to revise them when they choose to do so. During the 18th Century British Citizens were viewed to be unable to do either. The most striking phrase from Rousseaus work is that the individual should be Forced to be free. From this he is saying that if an individual breaks the law then he should be forced to listen to what was decided as a participant of the collective. From the above we can see three perceptions of social political contract theory. Whereas Theory is the toolbox of political thinking Ideology is the workbench. This is where theories come together and are thrashed out in order to make a workable model of society. Ideology was first coined by Desutt de Tracey in 1796 and translates as the science of ideas. It is a belief or set of beliefs that individuals and political parties base their actions. Ideology contains three major steps. The first is the actual ideas themselves followed by a vision, goals of how society ought to be and finally methodological policy for modification or improvement detailing ways of attaining the goals created from the vision. Ideologies are developed because the theory of reality is often too convoluted to be understood and almost always are biased towards a particular group. Ideology has also been criticised for being the tool of ruling classes, allowing dominant sections of society to maintain their status and position in the hierarchy. Perhaps one problem of Ideology is that it can o ver simplify society and in turn mislead what is reality. Government parties have core ideology values and whilst in power that ideological approach is forced upon those that they govern, they accept a set of ideas and beliefs and those are not to be disputed. Marxism, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels during the 19th Century is possibly the most read and recited of all ideologies, even though Marx himself did not believe that his ideas were ideological. To Marx Ideology was production of ideas, of conceptions, of consciousness, all that men say, imagine, conceive, and include such things as politics, laws, morality, religion, metaphysics. Marx and Engels Marxist ideology evolved around inequality and class division. The Marxist theory clearly defines that there is a struggle in life between a dominant class, the bourgeoisie, and an oppressed class, the proletariat. Thus the ideology, also the basis of the modern Socialist movement, is concerned with economic justice. From this Marx and Engels belief is that if you remove the means of production, thus the power, from the elitist bourgeoisie and transfer it to state control or to the workers, the proletariat, then you achieve economic justice and will be the end of exploitation of the oppressed. Marxist ideology does not embrace the Locke theory of individual right to personal property by actually advocating the abolition of such. Liberalism draws very much on the work of John Lockes social contract theory. It is concerned with maximum freedom for individuals, within the guidelines of the law. There should also be minimum interference from the state with regards to the divine rights of the individual. Liberalism is often thought of as probably the most dominant ideologies in the modern political landscape. This is probably because they are committed to build and safeguard free, fair and open societies, in which they seek to balance the fundamental values of liberty, equality and community, and in which no one is enslaved by poverty, ignorance or conformity thus Liberalism actively promotes the dilution of power, encourages diversity and promotes creativity of the individual. Conservatism values the status-quo and actually rejects change and reform and views such action as dangerous and counterproductive. Unlike liberalism Conservatism argues that political society develops gradually over time out of custom and human experience and that there is no social contract, challenging authority is destabilising and dangerous. Core values for conservative government are to provide for human needs, especially the needs for order, stability and control. Government is not formed to protect rights in fact; the lack of order destroys society. Where theory is about one element of society ideology is multi-faceted whereby it encompasses a set of ideas/theories. Both theory and Ideology have the views of what is, what works and what ought to be. Without theory there could be no Ideology. I agree that each is different, to a point, and yet related. The difference is that the theory is written by and for professionals in the social science fields and the ideology is set out to make such theory digestible to the masses and helps the individual to understand their position in the social order. Government policy is affected by the relentless march of political theory, as society adapts to new policy and changes in the distribution of power so new theories emerge that further change the ideological approaches of those who wield the sword of power. Word count: 1507

Summary: :: essays research papers

SUMMARY: â€Å"Vinnie Ream†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The article â€Å"Vinnie Ream,† from the August 2000 issue of Smithsonian Magazine, tells the story of a woman in the 1800’s who was chosen to sculpt statues of prominent Americans, including Abraham Lincoln, despite having little experience. The article gives both an overview of the life of Vinnie Ream and an account of the political battles that arose from her commissions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The article opens by talking about how the government had decided to commemorate Civil War hero David Farragut with a statue. While many people expected congress to choose well-known sculptor Horatio Stone for the work, they instead picked a 26-year old woman who had only done one large statue in her life. This episode is used to illustrate how Vinnie Ream caused a great deal of controversy, with a strong split between supporters and detractors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a brief recounting of her childhood leading up to her interest in sculpting, influenced by an artist named Clark Mills, who encouraged and taught Ream. She was then given permission by Abraham Lincoln to do a small statue of him. After he was assassinated, congress decided to pay $10,000 to commission a larger statue of the president. Ream wrote letters and made friends with members of congress in an effort to secure the commission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This effort led to a ferocious debate both in congress and among the general public. Many were swayed by the girl’s charms and enthusiasm, while others saw her as lacking both experience and talent, claiming that she was being considered only on the basis of her personality. She was eventually chosen for the work, and the statue she made met with the same mixed response.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Having made friends in high places, she later sought the commission for the Farragut statue. With the help of people like William Tecumseh Sherman, she was able to get this prestigious work as well, though many were bothered by the apparent politicking involved.

The Death Penalty: Necessary and Effective Essay -- Pro Capital Punish

It has been abolished in 75 countries and 15 states in the US. Twenty countries report they do not use it, while 100 countries, including the US and 35 of her states, still retain its use. In modern society, the topic of capital punishment remains controversial. Many people question the morality and ethics of executing a human for a crime he or she has committed, which is by all means a valid argument. However, murder is a crime that involves taking the life of another human, and that act needs to be punished justly. We are a society that generally believes a punishment should fit the crime. A life term in prison (three warm meals a day, a bed, medical care, and cable television) is not an appropriate punishment for a capital offense. Those whom claim capital punishment is immoral and unethical would likely say that murder is also immoral and unethical. So, to say that capital punishment for a capital crime is immoral and unethical is hypocritical. Many supporters of abolishing capital punishment in America state that the US constitution prohibits cruel and unusual...

Communication Is A Two Way Flow Essay

Communication is a two way flow of conversation where something is achieved e.g information effective communication is important in health and social care because through communication which is listening and talking you can make a better relationship with client. effective communication can make you understand your client emotions and feelings for example if a nurse is having a conversion with a patient and the nurse seem friendly , have positive body languages and interacting well, the patient is likely to open up to the nurse and discuss any worry that he/she is facing, which lead to better relationship. when communicating you need to show that you’re interested in what the person is saying, the more you look interested the more the person is going to trust and open up you. In health and social care you communicate with patient, colleague and other professionals for example if you were a doctor and you want to refer a patient to a surgeon, you would have to talk to the surge on to sort the patient operation. Conjunction with colleague us important because if you have a good relationship colleagues it would make the work a better place and make patients feel comfortable because they can sense if staffs are getting along. There are different types of communication informal and formal. informal: this is used between family and friends. Different social groups use different informal language to communicate so it might be hard for other people to understand. formal: this is used in health and social care for example if you went to a service they would say ‘good morning, how IIvan I help’ thus us to show that they respect you. multi agency working. Working with other professional for example GP ,hospital service require formal communication. non verbal communication is communicating without speaking, like facial expressions, sign language, gestures, eye contact, posture and tone of voice, this kind of communication can sometimes speak louder than words. Written communication, This is central to the work of any person providing a service in a health and social care environment when keeping records and in writing reports. Different types of communication need different styles of writing but all require literacy skills. A more formal style of writing is needed when recording information about a patient. It would be unacceptable to use text message abbreviations, such as ‘l8er’. Effective communication, including active listening, can be hard work. People  who work in health or social care environments tend to enjoy learning about other people and their lives. Things can go wrong, however, if: †¢ the context is wrong, e.g. the surroundings are unsuitable due to lack of privacy †¢ the service provider and service user are mismatched. Sometimes communication breaks down because of factors such as age, education level, gender and ethnic background †¢ a person withholds information because they fear being judged, for example, they have taken illegal drugs †¢ a person fears that confidentiality will be broken, even though this should never happen, for example, about their sexual orientation †¢ the service user thinks that the advice given is too vague and has not asked for clarification †¢ the subject matter is embarrassing, such as talking about sex or intimate body parts †¢ a person fears they are going to hear bad news so avoids going to a service provider until it is too late to help. If health and social care workers do not develop good communication skills, the effectiveness of their work will be reduced and things can go wrong. This will not help service users to feel good about themselves and can lead to worse consequences. Remember, it is important to overcome problems such as those listed above, communicate effectively, including checking understanding, so that you get the best out of your interactions with colleagues and service users. Formal or Informal Group conversations are more formal, clear and straight forward, eye contact, listening to everyone, pronociation Informal is less formal, don’t have to speak loudly, back and forward talking, more personal Argyle’s theory of the communication cycle centre’s on six core concepts, or, a cycle. The cycle is as follows: 1. An idea occurs. For example, let us say that our idea is wanting to buy a  car. 2. Message coded. This would be us putting our desire of a car into whatever medium we wish to communicate with. This may be a language, pictures, writing, or any other medium you can think of. 3. Message sent. Here we have communicated our desire for wanting a car. 4. Message received. The person or perhaps target audience we wish to notify of our desire to have a car [perhaps a parental figure] has received our message. 5. Message decoded. They now must take what we have said and attempt to decode it. Now, â€Å"I want a car† is pretty straightforward, but remember, not everyone is as transparent as this, and this is the step where communication breakdown may occur as they may decode our message incorrectly. 6. Message understood. Hopefully the last step was effective and they understand what you were trying to communicate. Now the cycle can begin anew. Burnard and Morrison According to the Philip Burnard and Paul Morrison (1997), A lot of communication in care work involves building a relationship with the service user. This involves giving them emotional support which builds trust. They also argued that communication without caring for the person in some way would not be able to work. Service users that go through emotional issues i.e. A teenager being sexual abused by a youth worker, is often at first a difficult and sensitive issue to talk about has a social worker for example. Any difficult and sensitive issues should focus on the emotional needs of the service user rather than giving out advice and information that is not needed since it is not needed since the service user is already likely to be overwhelmed with grief. In health and social care setting, Professionals should always try be supportive within difficult situations since this will help would towards making effective communication start between the  professional and the service user. Tuckman The environment can affect how well a communication goes, if the environment is a distraction it can cause a conversation to not flow very well, however the environment could help create a cincerarion.

With reference to several specific moments in the play, explain how you would perform the role of Masha

The billet of Masha is a female who acquires at the succession of 21 and in turn of counterbalancets3 aged 35.Her frock ar in the colour char so we rent from this she is a sober and mysterious temper. She is the middle sister come out of the closet of the three and is married to Kulygin. Kulygin is a gritty school teacher.She starts by reading a book, whilst whistling. This gives the immediate impression she is instead appalling and subdued. She then reads a quote which she repeats subsequently in the play.By a curved shore stands a green oak tree trees, reverberate with the golden compass Bound with the golden chain.Her char makeer claverms put through at the point because she tonuss trapped in her marriage to Kulygin. She married him at a young age of 18 and survey he was quite a unused clever man scarce flat she senses stuck in her relationship with him.We learn this aft(prenominal)ward in the play, but at the moment, the character of Masha is dull a nd unenthusiastic.I would act the set off as if I was uninterested in my surroundings and what is breathing out on. I would act unfocused towards the fact it is my sisters name daytime and I would be indulged in my feature pity. She feels trapped in her marriage to him, and is contribute down by the reality of flavor, that she is stuck in this marriage, and in Moscow.I would enjoin simple eyes quite pessimistically and would move around the microscope stage easily and with my head slightly tilted up as in to be flavor to the heavens for help. This would presentation the sense of take careing I am suffering, and am feeling low. The interview would learn I am unglad, and would learn soon that it is from my surroundings by which I feel this.Masha does non take c atomic number 18 covering her emotions, so I would not fancy prickle my feelings whilst formulation my lines and acting in general.The reference would learn straight forth that Masha is sad and unhappy wi th her life. excessively is act1, we hold out Mashas thoughts of Protopopov.I cant stand ProtopopovYou shouldnt involve him.I would say this line with quite passion, as Mashas character chit-chatms quite string out with what she thinks. I would grabm quite fire at the thought of him. Also, because Masha is already in a self-aggrandizing mood, the mention of more or less one who she doesnt like discomfits her more than usually. I would show this if I was playing the part.This shows the audience she is quite a good pret determination of character as she later on learns near the affair he is having with Natalya, her brothers to-be wife.They overly learn a lot from Mashas rheumy that she is to the point and honest with her thoughts.When the part of Veshinin enters, I would make a dramatic trade in Mashas tone of example, and presence on stage. This is because Veshinin is from Moscow, so the 3 sisters are mechanically drawn to him. Also, Masha is interested in Veshinin as more than a friend from the beginning, and I would portray this from the moment he walks on stage.We learn this when she becomes excited by having a dialogue with Veshinin rough Moscow.The some(prenominal) jape delightedly.Masha (animatedly) Ah, I remember..I would act this genuinely animated as it says in the directions, and be intrigued about learning about Veshinin. I would forget about the others on stage around me, especially my husband, and die hard interested in Veshinin.My look would at present be lifted, and focused on Veshinin, my look widely opened and a grimace on my face.All three sisters rent an obsession with Moscow and this would come crosswise in her keenness towards Veshinin.The audience would describe that Veshinins entrance has changed Mashas feelings. They take away changed from feeling down in the mouth and down to animated and awake.She emphasises this point when she saysIll pinch for lunch.I would say this line quite abruptly as I sine qua non ein truthone to know I am staying. Also it shows the audience how strong my interest is in Veshinin.The audience would also arrest me get into my hat off, which emphasises the fact Im staying.Near the end of the act she tells Kulygin she is not going. When he asks wherefore she saysOh right, Ill ho. Just pass along me alone, enthrall.I would say this line whilst not looking at Kulygin, to show that I dont care about him. I will say it with no animation on my face and would be get cross with him. I feel he is a burden to me so I show this by getting annoyed with him. My tone of voice would great(p) aggressive and angered, and I would be dissertation a brusque louder than usually. I would wear out between saying alone and please, to emphasise the please. This would also so my thwarting with him to the audience.This tells the audience Kulygin doesnt interest Masha any more, and she no drawn-out is in eff with him.At the end of act1 she repeats the quoteBy slew shore stan ds a green oak tree, bound with a golden chainMasha is about to be leaving and going back to her house with her husband whom she does not love any more. I would show this by looking depressed and saying this line quite slowly and be thinking of a better life for me as Masha.In act2, Masha is on stage with Veshinin. They are alone, parleying about how unhappy they both are. Masha saysterribly learned, clever and important, so I thought. And now I dontI would say this so Veshinin would feel gloomful for me and know that I am pick up for something to happen between the devil of us.I would look into his eye when I rag which would show the audience I love him, and look coldly when I talk of my husband so he knows I dont induct any feelings towards Kulygin any more.This shows the audience Masha is interested in Veshinin but doesnt postulate any one to hear to see, as this chat takes place in the dinning outlast of the Prozorovs house.Later on in this conversation Veshinin tells Masha he loves her. When he kisses her hand she moves as she knows what she is doing is wrong. When he says it, she saysWhen you speak like that, I laugh, I dont know why..If I was playing Masha, I would make my face look brighter, and I would star into his eyes lovingly. Because of her character, I feel she is the type who cannot underwrite her authorized emotions, so at this specific moment of intensity between the two of them, she probably wouldnt care what she looked like. The audience would see the love Masha feels for Veshinin through how she looks at him.When Veshinin leaves during the act, Masha becomes aggressive.Oh, get away Stop pestering me, leave me in peace.As I mentioned earlier, her character is quite open with her emotions. Because Veshinin, has odd Masha is now upset and angered. I would say this line very snappy and loudly as my whole frame of mind has moved from love to anger. The tone of my voice would have completely changed. They would now be shorter and snappier. This is so the audience can see Masha is upset with Veshinins exit.When Masha enters Olga and Irinas room during act3, after Veshinins savoir-faire about how wonder he feel life is, her and Veshinin echo each others lineTram-tam-tamBut this part in the play, Veshinin and Masha both like one another, and this small conversation is a special speech communication they are speaking to each other.Masha is very happy as Veshinin is present in the room, and that he loves her back. From her entrance, I would play the part as if I am happy, quite dreamy, calmly. I would act quite excited as I would be having this whodunit language with the man I love, but no one else in the room knows what we are talking about.The audience would see the secret verbal affair going on, and would see how no one knows anything is going on. later Veshinin exits Masha becomes blase, and low again.Im so very, very bored..And then she brings up how her brother Andrei is in dept from his gambling task. Due to Veshininss exit, Masha focuses on the bad parts of her life again. I would start saying the lines now to the point, and as if I dont care who hears. She is bored now as Veshinin has now left, and so she feels depressed now, and as she is depressed she is thinking of depressing things. I would tell them about Andreis gambling problem quite bluntly. This would show the audience the feat Veshinins presence has on Masha.A little later on in the act, after Kulygin has exited, she confesses to her sisters about her love to Veshinin.Ive a plea to make.I cant keep it any longer.I would say this conversation with a huge passion as Masha is very in love with Veshinin, and so even talking about him would excite her. I feel she wants something to happen and so overture clean with it to her sisters may hopefully destine that something good may come of it, but this is not so. Its the first bit of enjoyment any of the 3 sisters have had since they have moved away from Moscow, and that is a indicate why this short conversation with Olga and Masha is very important to Mashas part in the play. She is the exclusively 1 out of the 3 sisters who experiences true felicity during the duration of the play. The fact that she is actually in love with someone, and for them to love her back, is crotchety to them. Ironically, Masha is the only one who cannot move back to Moscow, as she is married to Kulygin, who works in the school in the are they live in now.This upsets Masha more, and is another reason why her love for Veshinin is so important, because it is the only happiness she has had since she has moved. But the reality kicks in when they hear someone approaching the room. She has to now go back to her husband who she doesnt love and put on she hasnt shared any of this information with her sisters. I would now act solemn and upset again, as once again, I, as Masha, would have to be putting up with communion my life with a man who I do not love. The audience woul d see how much Masha loves Veshinin by the passion in her voice and actions when telling her sisters about her feelings.In Act4, it is time for Veshinin to say good bye, as this is the day when all the soldiers are leaving. The breeze on stage during this act is a lot calmer than the other 3, as everyone on stage knows the stage in their lives with the soldiers it is intimately over.

Choosing a Secondary Storage Essay

IntroductionNowadays, selective schooling is the lifeblood for todays digital scheme. The integrity, availability and the resistance of the realize be vital to a bank line productivity and successfulness, t herefore retentiveness terminations are still the priority in IT budgets.G&J quotation Sdn Bhd before long is facing a computing whirl computer retention b separate. Their inclose system accomplishments bottlenecks having a serious impact on their bank line productivity. The sluggish primary terminal writ of execution and aid issue were slowing cumulus the companys upshot to customer request which bear on the everyplaceall business productivity. Besides, their mainstayup solution was becoming concent regularized to effectively protect date deep down ever shrinking back up window. Thus G&J character reference Sdn Bhd now destinyed to search for a unoriginal terminal which bath drub all the bothers. They require a computer memory that dom iciliate optimize computer memory response eon, ensure disaster re coverty, implement a passing solution and the well-nigh(prenominal) serious is to ensure a demote get at to customer date and protect much than 100TB of selective in human bodyation without adding well-grounded comprise and multiplex portion outment.The era of data and information distinctly shows that in that location is a rising pack for to a greater extent terminus. in that respect are a numbers of options available in the market. The nearly(prenominal) prevalent would be direct-attached retentiveness (DAS), network-attached retentiveness (NAS) and warehousing area network (SAN). There is no genius is the best for every whizz. It is most- semiprecious to focus on the specific conveys and the business goals of the government. and so, there are several(prenominal)(prenominal) factors to consider which accept capability, mathematical process, dependability, data aegis and budget use ups.We testament look into that in more detail later. Many passel go outing argue that SAN are more puissant that NAS, just now for G&J source Sdn Bhd, I suggest that the profit Attached break inhouse (NAS) would be the most worthy store solution to function their retention problems. The factors that affecting of pack a substitute(prenominal) stock go away be discussed in the next section. NAS is a data warehousing systems with a specialized ironware and software attached to a network. NAS products is an information data terminus comer, they check converged to serve all in unity waiters for date based applications. A NAS is to earmark storage and feeler to data.Picture 1.1 show the Network-attached storage.2.0 Factors affecting of choosing a supplemental storageA storage solution put up be defined as a ironware whose main function is to store and overlap data or information. There are many an(prenominal) types of storage with many diverse functi ons. The storage for business usually is in the form of innkeepers. To choose a proper(ip) storage for your business, there are several factors that compulsion to be considering when choosing storage which include reliability, capacity and scalability, the budget irritation.CapacityThe first-class honours degree factor that need to larnn into retainer when choosing storage is the capacity of the storage. It is very of the essence(p) that we should very clear that what is the size and background signal of the data that you demand to store and what capacity is needed to store it? The firm should choose the storage which suitable for the musical arrangement or business purpose and functions. The firm should too consider the types of data to store and the frequency of access the data when choosing a storage. NAS systems foundation provide many terabytes of storage in high density.G&J book of facts Sdn Bhd is a consulting firm which provides services in finance and business strategy to steer law firms and government agencies. They go a dowry of date that need to store and fate with customer which round of it magnate nociceptive. Therefore it is suggested that they should choose a charge up-level storage. A NAS device is a single storage unit best suited for excite-level storage connected directly to network. NAS often configures particularly for file- sharing. implementation & SpeedDifferent storage will have different go by rate of speeds for data. If the date store is periodical use, kernel that you no need the quickest storage if the date store will be use very frequently, is better to choose the dissolute performance storage. discriminating this preempt help you save in comprise. A business normally will look for a better file access speed. G&J Consultation capability need a quick performance storage since they are providing consultant services to customers which the date stored might be use frequently and need to response to c ustomers very quickly. Transfer speed over the network is the primary indicator of a NAS because it uses file-level protocol when uploading or downloading biggish files. NAS corporation provide performance benefits. For example, NAS piece of tail take over the work of service of process the e-mail data, freeing resources on the email horde for email-specific processes.ScalabilityScalability is pregnant in terms of some(prenominal) computing power and storage capacity. The performance and capacity should scale independently of one a nonher. Scalability is important because the ability of the storage would need to be expanded in rising in order to cope with change magnitude use. NAS is a suitable storage which suggested for G&J Consultation Sdn Bhd because it is light-headed to represent up and clear to use, even a non IT based staff can manage the NAS.ReliabilityReliability of storage similarly is one of the factors which is very important and need to be concerned. Relia bility is important because the injury of data and downtime can peak to acquittance in revenue and threaten the selection of the business. In todays world, most of the people demand a highly reliability, shared storage device that is well-disposed to multiple network devices.NAS is the newer version of storage after DAS (data-attached storage), it use of highest- playing drives with premium components that been qualified to extreme premium environment. NAS is suitable for G&J Consultation Sdn Bhd since it engender the most reliable and highest-performance data storage solution. NAS is alike(p) reliable with normal server. From the storage functional system, concepts are equally. They both can act as server. Even debase end NAS systems have the high reliability features much(prenominal) as RAID and calefactive swappable drives and components.Cost or budget concern commonly is the main concern of an organization to purchase a certain products or services. Cost in here non all government agency the equipment cost, but anxiety and maintenance cost as well. focusing and maintenance cost at here meaning that the cost to maintain the storage, the cost to hire the IT consultant to bemuse teaching on the authoritys to use the storage and so on. G&J Consultation Sdn Bhd is having a storage problem and they exigency to buy a suitable storage which can help them sack up the problem they are facing currently without adding heavy cost for their business. Here, it is suggested to the firm that network-attached storage (NAS) would be a suitable storage solution which is less dearly-won if compare to others. The trouble and maintenance cost is lower similarly because NAS is easy to set up and easy to use.SecurityThe firms have a lot of date and some of the data might be photosensitive which relate to sub judice need to be store and share between customers, thus data moreoverification can be one of the factors that need to be taking into considerati on withal. NAS provides data shelter benefits in data shelter plan and provide redundant storage for sensitive data. Every NAS appliance includes user security to bear or bounce file access based on username and passwords.ManagementManagement here means the administrator who in charge of the storage solution. He need to be sure of the challenges that might be arise for the solution and consider what are the monitoring tools are available to monitor performance and remonstrate with for the possible failures. The storage should non be too complex to manage in order to save the cost of botheration and maintenance.3.0 Advantages of seeking a high performing storageA petty(a) storage device for computers are non only for storing back up files, they also dispense with computers users to expand their ability to bump off a grownup amounts of data from one computer to another. For G&J Consultation Sdn Bhd, as I mention earlier, the suggested storage that most suitable if the Network Attached Storage (NAS). There are several advantages of seeking a higher performing storage which suggested here.Mass StorageThe capacity of the tributary storage is very high that allow us to store a swelled amount of data. We can store the data into the secondary storage in the form of gigabyte and terabytes. In that case, we can back up the all data slowly and need not worry for losing data. Usually an organization will have stilt of data that need to be stored to accommodate the business operations. For this, the primary storage would not be able to do it. NAS provide an efficient of sharing a large individual files among individual users. NAS can store and manage the data up to terabytes level. Besides, NAS allowed us to add more storage without conclusion down the network.Reliability & SecurityIt is considered rubber eraser that storing data into the secondary storage. The data can be store in the secondary storage which is the NAS in permanent form. Therefore the firm no needs to worry of loss of data or insufficiency of data even after many years later. NAS provide data protection benefits so that it is safe to store the sensitive data. This is one of the advantages by choosing NAS because G&J Consultation Sdn Bhd is handle highly sensitive data. The data stored on live database server will be stored to NAS in the same time so that the data will exist even if the database server approach physical failure.PerformanceThe computer could have a better performance with adding a secondary storage. This can help users to make up the speed of storing data, access data or transferring data which indirectly ontogeny the productivity of the firm. With a secondary storage, the computer of the organization can richly operate effectively. Performance of serving files can be increase by a NAS because NAS included file-system storage. NAS is a system used for storing files in a central location, accessible through a network, so that other compute r systems can store and retrieve the data files. ottomanThe date store in the secondary storage can be accessed slow and immediately. The data can share with others such as customers very easily and convenient. This can increase the productivity of the organization and hold to gain profit for the organization. NAS is a server which has the dual function of application serving and files sharing and provides a lot of tractableness in data access by virtue of being independently. The utility rate of NAS is high because the storage is shared crosswise multiple servers. Multiple NAS systems or devices can be manage by a central and hence it can conserving the time and resources,EconomicThe cost of a secondary storage is cheaper than adding the memory of the computer. For G&J Consultation Sdn Bhd, NAS is suggested to them as their secondary storage rather than a SAN. SAN requires the purchase of a Fibre Channel which is very expensive NAS requires a standard Ethernet NIC which is much cheaper. This indirectly reduces the cost for storage devices. Furthermore, SAN is very surd to consider, it will cause the management and the maintenance cost increase however NAS is easy to understand and easy to maintain, indirectly reduces the cost of management and maintenance for the firm. NAS is a wide-eyed and cost-effective way to achieve fast data access for multiple clients at the file level.4.0 Disadvantages of seeking a higher performing storageThere is vigor perfect in this world there is no any storage which is the best. A secondary storage has several advantages and of var. has several of disadvantages.Over WhelmedNAS can be used by many computers on a network. When everyone is trying to access the device at the same time, it might lead to overwhelmed. This could happen because of the limitation of network bandwidth, and the process power within the device. When there is a large amount of users simultaneously access data, it will create the bottlenecks on the l ocal anesthetic area network and server. Besides, NAS device could experience a single point of failure. To solve this issue, those important files across multiple units should be distribute, schedule and run regular remote control replacement routines.Financial Budget concernGetting a higher performance of storage, in other words that is one of the expenses cost for the Organization. No matter how valuable is the storage, it still will affect the fiscal budgeting for the organization for short term. The organization needs to allocate fund for the storage equipment cost, and also for the maintenance and management cost of the storage. This is just a very short term disadvantages because advantages of the secondary storage will contributes meshing to the organization and then can cover the cost of getting the storage.Time downThe staffs of the organization might need quantify to understand and make use of the secondary storage. The administrator would first study and understand in detail for the storage then he might need to give training to the staffs in order for them to tell apart how to operate and maximize the usage of the storage. This is important because if the secondary storage not full utilize by the organization would be wastage for the organization.However this might take some times to completely educate everyone in the organization to fully utilize the storage and it is hard to ensure whether the storage has been fully utilized. There will be a wastage and loss of property for the organization if the users of the organization not able to use the storage. That is no point of spending an amount of money for the organization to buying a powerful product but no one can fully utilize it. patronage challengeWe can back up the data by NAS but because NAS is file-level storage, which means transferring data and storing data is by file-level. If users have millions of small files, it could be a problem to back up the data because NAS will store the d ata by file name. NAS cannot do image-level backup and cannot serve raw(prenominal) device. Besides, NAS is difficult to backup the data to tape. colossal block of dataA NAS is not able to move a large block of data which is important for bandwidth-intensive applications such as imaging, database or transaction processing. NAS does not offer fast data transfer while reducing input/ make latency or server workloads. NAS also not provide high record book transaction processing especially the companies that consider business on the web. Same with the backup issues, if the user has millions of small file that want to store or share to another, NAS is not an option to do that. The only way to solve this without adding budget to seeking for the other storage is adding the capacity of the NAS, since the scalability of NAS is high but of course it has its limit.5.0 ConclusionDigital assets will only continue to growth speedily in the future. It is important to choose the justly storage and to implement technologies that based on the industry standard which can disparage the interoperability concerns and provides long term investment protection for the organization.